Japanese nationwide survey to track the impact of long COVID over 3 years.

Takuya OZAWA; Hideki TERAI; Hiromu TANAKA; Arisa IBA; Mariko HOSOZAWA; Miyuki HORI; Yoko MUTO; Eiko YOSHIDA-KOHNO; Ho NAMKOONG; Shotaro CHUBACHI; Ryo TAKEMURA; Kengo NAGASHIMA; Yasunori SATO; Makoto ISHII; Hiroyasu ISO; Koichi FUKUNAGA

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Japanese nationwide survey to track the impact of long COVID over 3 years.

Author: Takuya OZAWA ¹ ; Hideki TERAI ¹ ; Hiromu TANAKA ¹ ; Arisa IBA ² ; Mariko HOSOZAWA ² ; Miyuki HORI ² ; Yoko MUTO ² ; Eiko YOSHIDA-KOHNO ² ; Ho NAMKOONG ³ ; Shotaro CHUBACHI ¹ ; Ryo TAKEMURA ⁴ ; Kengo NAGASHIMA ⁴ ; Yasunori SATO ⁴ ; Makoto ISHII ⁵ ; Hiroyasu ISO ² ; Koichi FUKUNAGA ¹
Author Information

1. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine.
2. Institute for Global Health Policy Research, Bureau of Global Health Cooperation, Japan Institute for Health Security.
3. Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine.
4. Department of Biostatistics, Keio University School of Medicine.
5. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine.
Collective Name:Japan long COVID research group
Publication Type:Multicenter Study
Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus disease 2019; Long COVID; Quality of life
MeSH: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; COVID-19/complications*; Japan/epidemiology*; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome/psychology*; Quality of Life; Retrospective Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; East Asian People
From:Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 2025;30():84-84
CountryJapan
Language:English
Abstract: BACKGROUND:The long-term impact of symptom classification on quality of life (QOL) and economic outcomes among individuals with long coronavirus disease (COVID) remains poorly understood. This study aimed to clarify the situation of long COVID in Japan by analyzing patients using cluster classification.
METHODS:This multicenter, retrospective cohort study enrolled 515 patients with COVID-19 and followed up for 36 months via standardized questionnaires. Patients were classified based on: 1) symptom trajectory over time and 2) symptom cluster profiles at 3 months.
RESULTS:While the number of symptoms decreased, fatigue and dyspnea frequently persisted, whereas anosmia and dysgeusia declined. Cough and sputum decreased gradually. The proportion of patients with 5-9 symptoms increased. The mean (interquartile range) presenteeism scores were lower in the continuous (60 [50-80]) and relapse groups (65 [48-80]) than in the recovered group (70 [50-80]). The multiple symptoms cluster had the worst SF-36, presenteeism, and absenteeism scores (47.2 [44.7-49.8], 48.8 [27.5-72.5], and 10.9 [0.0-11.0], respectively).
CONCLUSIONS:Patients with continuous and multiple symptoms experienced persistently lower QOL and greater economic burden up to 36 months after COVID-19 diagnosis. The long-term effects of long COVID are not only physical but also mental and economical. Thus, further research is needed to clarify the economical and physiological impact of long COVID.