Progress on carboxyl-substituted phthalocyanine photosen-sitizers and their drug delivery systems for photodynamic therapy.
10.3724/zdxbyxb-2024-0687
- Author:
Dan SHEN
1
;
Hongjie HUANG
2
;
Jincan CHEN
3
;
Bowen LI
2
;
Zhuo CHEN
4
Author Information
1. College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. shendan@fjirsm.ac.cn.
2. Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fuzhou 350108, China.
3. Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fuzhou 350108, China. chenjinc98@fjirsm.ac.cn.
4. Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fuzhou 350108, China. zchen@fjirsm.ac.cn.
- Publication Type:English Abstract
- Keywords:
Carboxyl-substituted phthalocyanine;
Drug delivery system;
Microbial infection;
Oncologic therapy;
Photodynamic therapy;
Review
- MeSH:
Photochemotherapy/methods*;
Indoles/administration & dosage*;
Isoindoles;
Photosensitizing Agents/administration & dosage*;
Drug Delivery Systems;
Humans
- From:
Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences
2025;54(4):500-510
- CountryChina
- Language:Chinese
-
Abstract:
Research in photodynamic therapy (PDT) primarily focuses on enhancing light penetration depth, improving oxygen supply, and optimizing photosensitizer delivery. Notably, the delivery efficiency of the photosensitizer is crucial for therapeutic efficacy. Carboxyl-substituted phthalocyanines, as important photosensitizing molecules, possess unique chemical modification sites that enable direct targeted delivery or integration into diverse delivery systems. Their synthesis predominantly employs mixed- or cross-condensation, selective synthesis, and axial modification strategies to introduce carboxyl groups. However, their inherent hydrophobicity significantly hinders effective delivery. To address this limitation, modifications with peptides or quaternary ammonium salt derivatives may facilitate precise delivery to tumor cells and pathogens. With advances in nanotechnology, carboxyl-substituted phthalocyanines can serve as key photosensitizer modules, effectively integrated into nanomaterials such as biomacromolecules, inorganic metals, and polymers for both active and passive delivery. Recently, researchers have exploited the π-π stacking and other intermolecular forces among carboxyl-substituted phthalocyanine molecules to drive their self-assembly into nano-micelles, enabling carrier-free delivery or co-delivery with other therapeutic agents for synergistic effects. This review systematically outlines the synthesis strategies for carboxyl-substituted phthalo-cyanines. Taking mono-carboxyl-substituted zinc phthalocyanine as a model molecule, the performance of three delivery modalities were compared: single-molecule targeted delivery, nanocarrier-encapsulated delivery, and carrier-free self-assembled delivery, in terms of PDT efficacy, biocompatibility, and imaging-guided tracing capabilities, to provide a systematic technical framework for the rational design of novel modular photosensitizers and to advance the clinical translation of PDT in precision oncology and anti-infective therapy.
