Anatomical considerations, testicular, and scrotal anatomy of nonobstructive azoospermia patients.
- Author:
Hao-Cheng LIN
1
;
Yan CHEN
1
;
Yang-Yi FANG
1
;
Kai HONG
1
Author Information
- Publication Type:Review
- Keywords: azoospermia; male infertility; microsurgical sperm retrieval; nonobstructive azoospermia; testicular anatomy
- MeSH: Humans; Azoospermia/surgery*; Male; Testis/pathology*; Sperm Retrieval; Scrotum/pathology*; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; Microdissection
- From: Asian Journal of Andrology 2025;27(3):288-292
- CountryChina
- Language:English
- Abstract: Infertility, defined as the inability to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected intercourse, impacts 10%-20% of couples globally. Both male and female factors contribute equally to this condition. Azoospermia, particularly nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), which affects 10%-15% of infertile men, represents a significant challenge in male infertility. The advent of assisted reproductive technology (ART), specifically microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), offers a possibility for men with NOA to father biological children. Recent studies have focused on the predictors of sperm retrieval in NOA patients, such as age, testicular volume, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level. This review aims to explore the limited data on the anatomical characteristics of NOA patients and provide surgical considerations for micro-TESE, thereby enhancing understanding and improving outcomes for this challenging condition.
