1.Dependency, Abuse, and Depression by Gender in Widowed Elderly.
Ok Soo KIM ; Kyoung Mi YANG ; Kye Ha KIM
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(2):336-343
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dependency and abuse on depression according to gender in widowed elderly. METHOD: A convenient sample consisted of 246 widowed elderly who were more than 65 years old in four cities. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire from August to September, 2002. A dependency Scale developed by Ahn (1999) was used to measure the level of dependency. Emotional abuse and physical abuse were measured by 10 items for emotional abuse and 7 items for physical abuse selected out of the Conditions Scale of Elder Abuse. The level of depression was measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).The SPSS WIN 11.0 version program was used for data analysis. RESULT: In male widowed elderly, dependency affected depression indirectly through emotional abuse. While in female widowed elderly, dependency affected depression directly and affected emotional abuse indirectly. CONCLUSION: The study showed that dependency was the most explainable variable on depression in widowed female elderly. Therefore, it dependency should be assessed first in nursing intervention to relieve depression of widowed elderly.
Widowhood/*psychology
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Male
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Humans
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Female
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Elder Abuse/*psychology
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Depression/*etiology
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*Dependency (Psychology)
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Aged, 80 and over
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Aged
2.Predictors of Depression of Widowed Elders.
Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamental Nursing 2010;17(3):382-390
PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the relationship of perceived health, coping strategies, dependency, suicidal ideation and depression widowed elders, and to identify predictors of depression in this population. METHOD: The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design using a convenience sampling. Data collection was done using self-questionnaire with 162 elders from welfare centers for senior citizens located in 3 cities, Seoul, Gangneung and Seosan. Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression with the SPSS Win 12.0 Program were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Depression had significant negative correlations with perceived health (r=-.525, p<.001), and coping strategies (r=-.253, p=.005) and positive correlations with dependency (r=.430, p<.001), and suicidal ideation (r=.473, p<.001). The explained variance for depression was 47.5%. Of the variables, perceived health (beta=-.237, p=.003), suicidal ideation (beta=.398, p<.001) and dependency (beta=.341, p<.001) significantly predicted the degree of depression. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study provide a comprehensive understanding of depression and related factors for widowed elders in Korea. However, further study with a larger random sample and more a detailed research design is necessary.
Aged
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Surveys and Questionnaires
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Dependency (Psychology)
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Depression
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Humans
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Korea
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Research Design
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Suicidal Ideation
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Widowhood
3.A Study on the Life Adjustment of Widowed Elderly Women in Korea: A Q-Methodological Approach.
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2007;37(7):1098-1107
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the types of life adjustment of widowed elderly women in Korea. METHODS: The research design was a Q-Methodological Approach. Thirty selected Q-statements from 32 subjects were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a 7 point scale. The collected data was analyzed using a QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Three types of life adjustment were identified. Type I is the independent type: overcome the reality. Type II is the abandonment type: deny the reality. Type III is the accommodation type: accept the reality. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that different approaches to the quality of life for widowed elderly women in Korea are recommended based on the three types of life adjustment.
*Adaptation, Psychological
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Aged
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Aged, 80 and over
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Attitude to Death
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Attitude to Health
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Dependency (Psychology)
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Female
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Humans
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Korea
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Middle Aged
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Q-Sort
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Quality of Life
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Questionnaires
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Widowhood/*psychology
4.The Life of Elderly Women Living Alone.
Chunmi KIM ; Moon Hee KO ; Moon Jeong KIM ; Joohyun KIM ; Hee Ja KIM ; Jin Ha MOON ; Kyoung Seon BAEK ; Haeng Mi SON ; Sang Eun OH ; Young Ae LEE ; Jung Sook CHOI
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2008;38(5):739-747
PURPOSE: This study aimed to uncover the fundamental nature of living alone in female elderly. METHODS: The phenomenological research approach developed by van Manen was adopted. RESULTS: The theme was 'taking a firm stand alone on the edges of life'. The composition elements of living alone experienced by elderly women were as follows: 1) Corporeality: participants perceived their bodies by their health status. Unhealthy participants were suffering with diseases and dependant on other persons, while healthy participants were free from family responsibility and kept on moving. 2) Spatiality: participants felt both freedom and loneliness while they stayed home. 3) Relationality: participants felt pity and yearning for their bereaved husband and sometimes talked to his picture. According to their children's filial piety, participants were pleased or displeased. However, they incessantly devoted themselves to their children. 4) Temporality: participants considered the rest of their life as extra-time which was proceeding to death, and tried to keep themselves busy before they died. CONCLUSION: A nurse should understand the multifarious aspects of elderly women's life, and then intervene to consolidate their strengths for self-supporting the final years of life.
Adaptation, Psychological
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Aged
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Aged, 80 and over
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Attitude to Death
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Family
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Female
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Health Status
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Humans
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Interviews as Topic
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Life Style
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Loneliness
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*Quality of Life
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Widowhood/*psychology
5.Concept Development of Grief-Focusing on the Process of Spousal Bereavement.
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2007;37(7):1119-1130
PURPOSE: This study was done to develop the concept of grief focusing on the process of spousal bereavement in Korea. METHODS: The Hybrid model was used for analysis according to the 3 phases. An extensive literature review was done for the Theoretical phase. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 participants whose spouses died within the past 3 years in the Field phase. In the Final analytic phase, the results in the Theoretical and the Field phases were compared, analyzed, and integrated according to the process of grief. RESULTS: The antecedent of the concept of spousal grief was spousal death. The dimensions of grief were classified to inner dimensions related to oneself, relational dimensions related to family and others, and existential dimensions related to the meaning of being. The attributes of grief were physical suffering, decline of cognitive ability, heartbreaking sorrow, expectations and conflicts of a new life, social stigma, dependence on or resentment towards God, etc. The empirical referent of grief was physical, psychological, social, and spiritual health status. The grieving progressed through 3 phasesshock-emancipation, suffering, and integration. CONCLUSION: Nurses should recognize the importance of their unique position as supporters for grievers, and try to assess individual characteristics and to provide tailored nursing interventions.
Adaptation, Psychological
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Attitude to Death
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Attitude to Health
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*Bereavement
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*Concept Formation
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Family/psychology
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Female
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*Grief
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Health Status
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Humans
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Interviews as Topic
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Life Change Events
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Male
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Nursing Methodology Research
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Social Support
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Spouses/*psychology
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Widowhood/*psychology
6.Effects of a Bereavement Intervention Program on Depression and Life Satisfaction in Middle Aged Widows in Korea.
Yang Sook YOO ; Hee Young KANG
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2006;36(8):1367-1373
PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the effects of a bereavement intervention program on levels of depression and life satisfaction in middle aged widows in Korea. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design with non-equivalent control-group pretest-posttest was used. The subjects (control group, n = 10; intervention group, n = 17) were bereaved less than 6 months in G City and J Province, Korea. The bereavement intervention program consisted of Dan-jeon breathing, self-help group activities and a health examination. The experimental group attended 10 sessions of a bereavement intervention program. The control group had a health examination without the intervention program. For both groups, the level of depression and life satisfaction levels were measured before and after the experiment. RESULTS: The decrement of depression level in the experimental group was significantly greater than in the control group (p<.001). The increment in life satisfaction in the experimental group was significantly greater than in the control group (p<.001). CONCLUSION: The results suggested that the bereavement intervention program was effective in decreasing level of depression and in increasing the life satisfaction of widows. Accordingly, a bereavement intervention program can be applied as an intervention to help widows.
Adult
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Attitude to Health
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*Bereavement
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Breathing Exercises
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Depression/diagnosis/etiology/*prevention & control/psychology
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Exercise Therapy
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Female
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Health Services Needs and Demand
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Health Status
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Humans
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Korea
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Life Change Events
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Medicine, East Asian Traditional
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Middle Aged
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Nursing Evaluation Research
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*Personal Satisfaction
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Physical Examination
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Program Evaluation
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Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
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Quality of Life/psychology
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Questionnaires
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Self-Help Groups/*organization & administration
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Widowhood/*psychology