BACKGROUND: The cornified cell envelope (CE) is a unique structure found in the terminal differentiation of the skin. The precursor proteins of the CE are composed of many candidate structural proteins, among which invalucrin and filaggrin are important ones to participate in the complicated process of forming, the complex structure. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of expression of involucrin and filaggrin as markers of terminal differentiation in various skin disorders including tumors. METHODS: Immunohistochemical studies were performed in the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin samples of non-tumors (41 cases) and tumors (43 cases).
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The inclusion of air filled cavities in treatment fields creates a potential dosimetric problem due to the rebuildup phenomenon near the air-tissue interface using a simulated phantom, such as air gap, air cylinder, and air cavity, the amount of rebuldup along the various field sizes and air cavity dimensions was measured. The results are as follows. 1. As the field size becomes larger in comparison with the cavity size, or as the cavity size gets bigger when the field size is equal to the cavity size, rebuildup decreases. 2. When the distance between the phantom surface and the air cavity is less than 1.5 cm, there is prominent rebuildup. And when the distance is more than 1.5 cm, rebuildup is relatively constant. 3. The change according to the depth of the cavity is affected by the field size and the cavity size, rebuildup usually increases when the depth of the cavity increases. 4. It is suggested that tissue equivalent material should be applied on the skin to make tissue thickness over the air cavity more than 1.5 cm and that the field size should include the air cavity with at least 1 cm margin.
Skin

A technique combining usual interlaminar approach and paraspinal intertransverse approach for exposing far-lateral disc herniations without disrupting the facet is described. This approach is useful because disc fragments can be removed from both intraspinal and paraspinal route with easy retraction and under short skin incision. This approach prevents reherniation by complete removing of residual nucleus pulposus. At the end of procedure the foramen can be explored in order to verify that foramen is opened. This approach is usuful especially in operating the double herniations and extruded far lateral disc herniations.
Skin