OBJECTIVETo explore the epidemic characteristics of bacterial dysentery in Jinan municipality, and to provide scientific basis for effective strategy for bacterial dysentery control.

METHODSThe epidemiological characteristics of bacillary dysentery in Jinan from 1951 to 2005 were analyzed. A total of 485,333 cases in the span of 50 years were recorded, while the population-based case distribution was less than the total cases due to the data incompleteness during the Cultural Revolution.

RESULTSThe incidence of bacillary dysentery in Jinan has been decreasing by years with average incidence rate of 283.10/100,000. The significant differences were observed among the incidence rates of various ages(chi2 = 14.99, P < 0.05). There were four epidemic peaks, and all the incidence rates were about 1000/100,000. Age of onset mainly concentrated in the 0-4 years old, 20-years old and 30-years old. In terms of occupational distribution, workers accounted for 30.31%, the living-scattered children accounted for 22.71%, and the farmers accounted for 17.90%. The incidence focus was from July to September, which accounted for 71.57%. The peak of incidence emerged in August. The highest incidence in urban was 550.94/100,000.

CONCLUSIONThrough the efforts of several generations of health workers, the incidence of bacillary dysentery in Jinan has been basically brought under control. Further step should be taken for the control of bacterial dysentery in urban areas and the management of bacterial dysentery in rural areas. Moreover, the biological characteristics of F2a should be a focus for the future study.

A total of 17 strains of nonmannitol Shigella paradysenteriae (Sh. flexneri 4) were isolated fom 1948 to 1961One particular patient with symptoms of bacillary dysentery yielded four strains that were invariably mannitol negative and xylose fermenters, Sh. flexneri 4Bacterial cultures, 55-1725 and 55-1900 which came from an andividual case were at phase B variation. Antisera prepared by antigen 55-1725 or its equivalent and absorbed by Sh. variant Y may be useful for the identification of type or subtype organism belonging to Sh. flexneri 4Strain 55-1868 simulated serologically Sh. flexneri VIII (variant Y). (Summary)
Shigella, Shigella Flexneri, Mannitol

Shigella is a common cause of bacterial enteritis worldwide. Shigella sonnei accounts for 90% of Shigella infections and Shigella flexneri is rarely reported in Korea. Although the incidence of Shigella infection has decreased, the incidence of organisms with antibiotic resistance has gradually increased in Korea. An outbreak of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing S. sonnei in children was reported in Korea; however, ESBL-producing S. flexneri has not yet been reported. We report the first two cases of multidrug-resistant CTX-M-14-producing S. flexneri infections in Korean children.
beta-Lactamases ; Child* ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Enteritis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea* ; Shigella flexneri* ; Shigella sonnei ; Shigella*

1. A total of 17 strains of nonmannitol Shigella paradysenteriae (Sh. flexneri 4) were isolated from 1948 to 19612. One particular patient with symptoms of bacillary dysentery yielded four strains that were invariably mannitol negative and xylose fermenters, Sh. flexneri 43. Bacterial cultures, 55-1725 and 55-1900 which came from on individual case were at phase B variation. Antisera prepared by antigen 55-1725 or its equivalent and absorbed by Sh. variant Y may be useful for the identification of type or subtype organism belonging to Sh flexneri 44. Strain 55-1868 simulated serologically Sh. flexneri VIII (variant Y). (Summary)
Shigella, Shigella Flexneri, Mannitol, Xylose

No abstract available.
Shigella sonnei* ; Shigella*

The antibody efficacy of 4 kinds of immune antiserum obtained the standard requirement. The antigen of Shigella flexneri generated the strongest immunoresponse and created the high antibody (1/3,200). The antiserum after absorption had a high specificity and ability for detecting the corresponding antigen. Manufactured antiserum met the standards including physical standard, asepsis, specificity and sensitivity and had stability of 18 months. Its standards were the same these of antiserum of Sanofi-Pasteur- France.
Shigella

Clinical and bacteriological studies were carried out on 74 cases of infants and children with Shigellosis who were cared from May 1972 to Sept. 1977 in our hospital. 1) The age distribution revealed the range between 6 months and 5 ysers (85% of all) with the sex ratio of 42(57%) of male and 32(43%) of female, 13:1,0. 2) The peak incidence was noted in summer, although there were occurrence throughout the year, even in winter. 3) On bacteriological studies, Shigella flexneri was isolated most frequently (73%) and shigella sonnei was the next(32%). Since 1977, however, the rate of isolation was reversed as the former 32% and the latter 62%. 4) Up to 1976, ampicillin was the most effective (in 93%) and carbenicillin the next (in 87%) on sensitivity test. But gentamicin became hightly sensitive in 88%, kanamycin in 81% and ampicillin in 13% since 1977. 70% to 95% of isolated Shigellae were resistant to Terramycin, Chloromycetin, streptomycin and Colimycin. 5) The average duration from the onset to the clinical improvement including stool character was that of 3.4 days. 6) The mortality rate was 2.7% (2 of 74 patients) and they all were under 2 years of age.
Age Distribution ; Ampicillin ; Carbenicillin ; Child ; Chloramphenicol ; Colistin ; Dysentery, Bacillary* ; Female ; Gentamicins ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Kanamycin ; Male ; Mortality ; Oxytetracycline ; Sex Ratio ; Shigella ; Shigella flexneri ; Shigella sonnei ; Streptomycin

BACKGROUND: Most of the shigellosis outbreak in Korea was caused by Shigella sonnei since late 1990's. In contrast, outbreak by Shigella flexneri were rare since late 1990's. Currently, we experienced the shigellosis outbreak by S.flexneri and described the results of investigation. METHODS: We recruited employees from company "A" who had a meal at least once at the company's cafeteria from Dec 23th, 2002 to Dec 26th, 2002. We surveyed the symptoms, food items, and history of travel of eligible persons and their family members. For the microbiological examination, we collected specimen from eligible persons and their family. Collected specimens were cultured for bacteriologic agents and viruses. Epidemiological relationship among the isolates were analyzed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: Among the eligible persons, one hundred ten were symptomatic (110/258, 42,6%). Eighty- two were confirmed bacteriologically. Day of symptom onset showed a unipolar pattern. Diarrhea was the most common symptom among the symptomatic patients (110/110, 100%). The other symptoms included abdominal pain (81.8%), tenesmus (70.0%), headache (63.6%), nausea (61.8%), febrile sense (59.1%), and vomiting (24.5%). Lunch on 24th Dec was the most significant risk factor of the outbreak (RR=6.46, 3.56< or =95% CI< or =11.75). All isolates of the outbreak has the same pattern on PFGE analysis and the PFGE pattern was not similar compared with other S.flexneri isolates from Korea. CONCLUSION: This is the largest and unique outbreak by S.flexneri since 2000 in Korea. The outbreak has the same origin according to the PFGE pattern and epidemic characteristics. Considering rarity of S.flexneri among shigellosis in Korea, surveillance for S.flexneri should be enhanced.
Abdominal Pain ; Diarrhea ; Dysentery, Bacillary ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Headache ; Humans ; Korea ; Lunch ; Meals ; Nausea ; Risk Factors ; Shigella flexneri* ; Shigella sonnei ; Shigella* ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND: Most of the shigellosis outbreak in Korea was caused by Shigella sonnei since late 1990's. In contrast, outbreak by Shigella flexneri were rare since late 1990's. Currently, we experienced the shigellosis outbreak by S.flexneri and described the results of investigation. METHODS: We recruited employees from company "A" who had a meal at least once at the company's cafeteria from Dec 23th, 2002 to Dec 26th, 2002. We surveyed the symptoms, food items, and history of travel of eligible persons and their family members. For the microbiological examination, we collected specimen from eligible persons and their family. Collected specimens were cultured for bacteriologic agents and viruses. Epidemiological relationship among the isolates were analyzed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: Among the eligible persons, one hundred ten were symptomatic (110/258, 42,6%). Eighty- two were confirmed bacteriologically. Day of symptom onset showed a unipolar pattern. Diarrhea was the most common symptom among the symptomatic patients (110/110, 100%). The other symptoms included abdominal pain (81.8%), tenesmus (70.0%), headache (63.6%), nausea (61.8%), febrile sense (59.1%), and vomiting (24.5%). Lunch on 24th Dec was the most significant risk factor of the outbreak (RR=6.46, 3.56< or =95% CI< or =11.75). All isolates of the outbreak has the same pattern on PFGE analysis and the PFGE pattern was not similar compared with other S.flexneri isolates from Korea. CONCLUSION: This is the largest and unique outbreak by S.flexneri since 2000 in Korea. The outbreak has the same origin according to the PFGE pattern and epidemic characteristics. Considering rarity of S.flexneri among shigellosis in Korea, surveillance for S.flexneri should be enhanced.
Abdominal Pain ; Diarrhea ; Dysentery, Bacillary ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Headache ; Humans ; Korea ; Lunch ; Meals ; Nausea ; Risk Factors ; Shigella flexneri* ; Shigella sonnei ; Shigella* ; Vomiting

To observe the germistatic and germicidal effects of origanum volatile oil (OVI) on the dysentery bacteria, the abdominal cavity of mice was infected with Shigella sonne (Sh. sonnei) and Shigella flexneri (Sh. flexneri) F2a. After OVI was given to the mice via gastric lavage, the effects of OVI on the infected mice were observed. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) for dysentery bacteria were determined in vitro. The results showed that origanum volatile oil showed obvious protective effect on mice infected with Sh. sonnei and Sh. flexneri F2a and it had germistatic and germicidal effects on dysentry bacteria. We are led to conclude that origanum volatile oil is an effective medicine against the infection of dysentery bacteria.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Dysentery, Bacillary/*microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Oils, Volatile/*pharmacology ; Shigella flexneri/*drug effects ; Shigella flexneri/isolation & purification ; Shigella sonnei/*drug effects ; Shigella sonnei/isolation & purification