Schistosoma Japonicum, Vaccination, Schistosoma Mansoni

BACKGROUND: Schistosoma haematobium which causes urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) is highly prevalent in African countries. Urine microscopy (UM) is the first-line diagnostic method of UGS. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a common method for screening many parasite infections primarily or alternatively. The present study established an in-house diagnostic system by ELISA and evaluated its diagnostic efficacy in comparison with UM for screening UGS in White Nile State, Republic of Sudan, 2011–2013. METHODS: A total of 490 participants were screened by UM or ELISA, and 149 by both. The in-house ELISA system was established employing soluble egg antigen of S. haematobium and the cut-off absorbance was set at 0.270. RESULTS: Of the 149 subjects, 58 participants (38.9%) were positive by UM, 119 (79.9%) were positive by ELISA and 82 (55.0%) showed consistently positive or negative results by both methods. The diagnostic sensitivity of ELISA was 94.8% and specificity was 29.7% based on UM results. The ELISA positive serum samples also cross-reacted with egg antigens of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. CONCLUSION: We have established in-house ELISA for screening serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies by employing soluble egg antigen of S. haematobium for diagnosis of UGS with 94.8% sensitivity and 29.7% specificity. The ELISA system can supplement the conventional diagnosis by UM.
Antibodies ; Diagnosis* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay* ; Immunoglobulins ; Mass Screening ; Methods ; Microscopy* ; Ovum ; Parasites ; Schistosoma haematobium* ; Schistosoma japonicum ; Schistosoma mansoni ; Schistosoma* ; Schistosomiasis haematobia ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sudan

1. Six cases are admitted in the Charity Surgical wards of the Philippine General Hospital with the clinical working diagnosis of chronic appendicitis; one as hernia, inguinal, indirect, complete, reducible, acquired, right and appendicitis chronic; two with the clinical diagnosis of appendicitis chronic (found to be acute at operation); three as appendicitis, acute and two as appendicitis, chronic, bilharzial2. Twelve cases were operated on for appendectomy; one for appendectomy and resection of the cecum and one for herniotomy and appendectomy3. Operative findings on the appendices of all these cases were similar-presence of sago-like tubercles on their walls, thickening of the walls, areas of infiltation, scars and extensive adhesions. These were similar to T.B4. Histopathological examination of all the removed appendices were made and revealed the presence of Schistosoma japonicum ova tubercles similar in histological structure to T.B. tubercle5. All the patients went home strong and walking and a follow up of these cases showed that they were relieved of their original complaints for which they sought admission to the hospital6. All the cases came from Leyte and Samar. (Summary)
Schistosoma Japonicum, Schistosoma, Appendectomy

Observation made on the egg output of some experimental monkeys and pigs infected with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae show that after a certain period of time from the date of non-overwhelming initial infection, sufficient resistance may be induced against S. japonicum reinfections. This was noted after 31 months on monkeys and a relatively shorter period of time in pigs after their initial infections. It could, therefore, be surmised that in order to resist to a sufficient degree a big dose of cercarial infections, a longer time interval between initial and challenge infection is necessary. Inasmuch as the data presented are limited, it is felt that further investigations along this line should be carried out.(Auth. Abs.)
Schistosoma Japonicum

The presentation consists of two main parts which deal on the evaluation of the Merthiolate-Iodine-Formaldehyde-Concentration (MIFC) technique of stool examination and the recommended improved method for schistosome egg counting. It is felt that studies along this line will be a practical value in the assessment of the efficacy of schistosomicidal drugs for so far, no drug against Schistosoma japonicum infection has been found to give a 100% cure rate within a span of six months follow-up. From the point of view of disease transmission, a good quantitative procedure for egg counts is likewise deemed important.(Auth. Abs.)
Schistosoma Japonicum

Schistosoma japonicum egg quantification using the MIFC and various modifications of the technique was carried out. It was definitely shown that significantly more eggs could be recovered using three sediments per gram sample than when only one sediment is examinedFurther studies show that with the addition of tyloxapol to the MF stock solution and using the original MIFC procedure, more or less the same results as the modified MIFC technique using three sediments could be obtained. A concentration of 0.1% tyloxapol in the MF stock solution may be usedThe examination of three sediments or the addition of tyloxapol in the MF stock solution is, therefore, recommended when the original MIFC technique is used for ova quantification.(Auth. Sum.)
Schistosoma Japonicum

A total of 384 stool specimens found to be positive for schistosoma eggs using the Direct Fecal Smear were further examined quantitatively by the MIFC and the Kato-Katz techniques. MIFC has a higher efficiency rate (95.57%) as compared to Kato-Katz technique (73.43%). Kato-Katz yields a higher percentage of false negatives (26.56%). These found to be statistically significant. With regards to quantification, Kato-Katz has a higher mean egg difference (245.69%) but this was found to be statistically significant. Thus, MIFC technique is more reliable and efficient than Kato-Katz in the quantitative diagnosis of Schistosomiasis japonica. (Auth. Sum.)
Schistosoma Japonicum

A total of 10 adult patients suffering from early schistosomiasis japonica at the Bethany Hospital, Tacloban City with daily injections of Sodium Antimony Dimethylcysteine Tartrate (NaP) for 5 days at 400 mgs./day. Two had severe reactions consisting of nausea, vomiting and body weakness. Cardiac toxicity was observed in nine cases which developed reversible myocardial ischemic injury. A 100% cure rate from one to six months of stool follow-up after treatment was obtained. The exact value of this drug for mass treatment however, will depend on further evaluation of its toxicity and efficacy with a different dosage and/or schedule between injections.(Auth. Abs.)
Schistosoma Japonicum

In view of the inherent problems associated with the medical, sanitary and educational approach to the control of schistosomiasis, it is the consensus that the control of the small intermediate host offers a better and more effective means of reducing the transmission of the disease. Having achieved some degree of success in the ecological control of the snail host (Oncomelania quadrasi) in the Philippines as shown by the evaluation done in 1962 by Hairston, a WHO Consultant it has nevertheless been noted that due to the varied hopographic characteristics of small areas, complete eradication may not be attained in certain instances. For it was noted that snails had continued to thrive in small pockets after ecological control measures had been applied. Molluscicides at this stage, therefore, could be used to great advantage as a terminal measure. (Author)
Schistosoma Japonicum

Results of a retrospective clinico-pathologic and clinical studies at the University of the Philippines - Philippine General Hospital Medical Center are reviewedSchistosoma japonicum was demonstrated in almost all tissues but principally in the liver and gastrointestinal tractBoth sexes and all ages were affected by schistosomiasis japonicum. The preponderance of cases in the second and third decades is very likely due to population migrationThe duration of illness after infestation with Schistosoma japonicum could not be determined with certainty. The majority of patients were ill for a period ranging from one to four yearsThe protean nature of the clinical picture of the disease is due to the presence of overwhelming and often multiple intercurrent disease. Classification of the disease as seen in Manila is impossible because many of the early features that have been described were conspicuously absent. Further, intercurrent disease usually confused the pictureThe major problem in the uncomplicated cases was upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, which was also the usual cause of death. Portal hypertension, the underlying cause of bleeding in these patients, is due to presinusoidal hypertension as a result of fibrosis around the intrehepatic portal vein radicles. Liver function is usually preserved, therefore portal decompression either by portocaval or splenorenal shunt is indicatedResults of trials with available therapeutic agents are very discouraging. (Summary)
Schistosoma Japonicum, Schistosomicides