No abstract available.
Education* ; Running*

PURPOSE: Ligament reattachment technique using a suture anchor appears to show satisfactory functional outcomes and mechanical stability compared with conventional bone tunnel technique. This study was prospectively conducted in order to evaluate functional outcomes of modified Brostrom procedures using the suture bridge technique for chronic ankle instability in athletes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty eight athletes under 30 years of age were followed for more than two years after undergoing the modified Brostrom procedure using the suture bridge technique. Functional evaluation consisted of the foot and ankle outcome score (FAOS), foot and ankle ability measure (FAAM) score. Range of motion and time to return to exercise were evaluated using a periodic questionnaire. Talar tilt angle and anterior talar translation were measured through stress radiographs for evaluation of mechanical stability. RESULTS: FAOS improved significantly from preoperative mean 59.4 points to 91.4 points (p<0.001). Daily living and sport activity scores of FAAM improved significantly from preoperative mean 50.5, 32.5 points to 94.8, 87.3 points, respectively (p<0.001). Talar tilt angle and anterior talar translation improved significantly from preoperative mean 16.8degrees, 13.5 mm to 4.2degrees, 4.1 mm at final follow-up (p<0.001). Times to return to exercise were as follows: mean 10.2 weeks in jogging, 15.4 weeks in spurt running, 13.1 weeks in jumping, 11.5 weeks in walking on uneven ground, 9.1 weeks in standing on one leg, 7.2 weeks in tip-toeing gait, 8.4 weeks in squatting, and 10.6 weeks in descending stairs. CONCLUSION: Modified Brostrom procedure using the suture bridge technique showed satisfactory functional outcomes for chronic ankle instability in athletes. Optimal indication and cost-effectiveness of the suture bridge technique will be studied in the future.
Ankle* ; Athletes* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foot ; Gait ; Humans ; Jogging ; Leg ; Ligaments ; Prospective Studies ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Running ; Sports ; Suture Anchors ; Sutures* ; Walking ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Bilateral avulsion fractures of the tibial tubercles are extremely rare. There is no case report about this in Korean literature. We present simultaneous bilateral tibial tuberosity fractures in 14-year-old adolescent male fell on the ground during running. These fractures were managed by open reduction and screw fixation. We gained complete union and removed metal after 6 months. Functional results were excellent 6 month after surgical treatment.
Adolescent ; Humans ; Male ; Running

No abstract available.
Education* ; Running* ; Surgery, Plastic*

Heart ; Humans ; Running

Humans ; Emotions ; Running

This study was attempted to observe leisure time physical activity pattern and its relationship to coronary risk factors(BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood sugar). Subjects participated in this study were 277 adult male workers of an industry in Kyungpook province, Korea. Energy expenditure were measured using modified Physical Activity History questionnaire of CARDIA study by interviewing. Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and blood sugar level were tested with 5 ml fasting blood and height, weight and blood pressure were measured. Data on smoking and drinking habits and others were obtained. Geometric mean of leisure time physical energy expenditure were estimated as 212.80 kcal per week for study subjects and only 22.4% of them expended 2,000 kcal or more per week in leisure time physical activity. Taking walks or hikes and jogging or running were more frequent leisure time physical activities in study subjects. Statistically significant mean differences in total weekly leisure time physical activity for all coronary risk factors were not found among three groups. Because energy expenditure of leisure time was generally low in this subjects and most of them were healthy men, we did not found that leisure time physical activity was significantly associated with coronary risk factors.
Adult ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Cardia ; Cholesterol ; Drinking ; Energy Metabolism ; Fasting ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Jogging ; Korea ; Leisure Activities* ; Male* ; Motor Activity* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors* ; Running ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Triglycerides

This study aimed at analyzing the trend of research on the use of exercise therapy in Koera, suggesting directions for future research and implementation of the various exercise therapies. The target population was taken from studies on Exercise Therapy as a nursing interverntion in Domestic Nursing Science, Physiology, Rehabilitation Medicine, and Athletics. Research studies were taken from dissertations and theses selected from Academic Society Journals of nursing science, physiology, rehabilitation medicine and athletics, Journals from universities, medical and nursing schools, and research institutes in various universities, the Central Journal of Medicine, and the New Medical Journal. The studies selected were conducted between 1970 and 1997. The total sample number was 86 different research papers. These studies were analyzed according to Time of Presentation, Theses for a Degree, Experimental Design, Subject, Sample Size, Dependant Variables, Exercise Therapy, and Effect of Exercise Therapy. The results were as follows: 1. The Learning Domain included: 59.3% from Nursing Studies, 22.1% from Athletics research, and 18.6% from the Medical field. 2. Research on exercise therapy has increased rapidly in the 1990's. At the time of this presentation 80.2% of the studies were from the 1990's, and 19.8% were from the 1980's. 3. Thesis areas included : 62.8% non-degree research, 20.9% Doctoral studies, and 16.3% Master's theses. 4. Experimental design parameters includ[ed : 59.3% non-equivalent control group pre-test/post-test design, 30.3% one group pre-test/post-test design, and 10.4% one group post-test only design. 5. Of the Subjects : 54.7% were healthy individuals, and 45.3% were patients with various health problems. 6. Sample size included : 46.5% with above 31 subjects, 15.1% with 11~15 and 12.8% with 6~10. 7. Dependant variables were categorized as : Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, Cardio-pulmonary function, Body Composition, Physical Strength, Physical Response, Psychological Response, Activities of Daily Living and the others. Cardio-pulmonary function was measured as a de pendant variable in 91.8%, Body Composition in 89.6%, Lipid Metabolism in 72.1%, Psychological Response in 55.9%, Physical Strength in 47.7%, Physical Response in 46.4%, Glucose Metabolism in 31.4%, Activities of Daily Living in 11.6% and others composed 3.5%. 8. Each Exercise Therapy was analyzed by Type, Intensity, Frequency, Duration, and Period according to each Learning Domain. 1) In the area of Nursing Science : the Type Rhythmic Exercise at 31.4% was the most common, Walking, Jogging, and Running composed 25.5%, Muscle Building Exercise made up 19.6%, and Aquatic Exercise were the least common at 11.8%. Exercise with 40~65% Intensity-comprised 25.5%, Frequency -3~5 X weekly was the most common at 78.4%, while Duration of 15~60 minutes at 76.5%, and Periods-of more than 5 weeks at 82.3% were the most common in their categories. 2) In the area of Medicine : the Type-Walking, Jogging, and Running was the most common at 81.3%, Intensity- of 50~80% was the most common at 31.3%, Frequency of 2~3 X a week was the most common at 31.3% also, while 4~5X a week at 25.0%, and 6 X weekly was the least common at 12.5%. Duration-of 15~60 minutes per session was the most common at 50.0%, while sessions of more than 2 hours were 18.8% and 5~10 minutes sessions were only 12.5%. Periods-of 5 weeks were the most common at 75.0%. 3) In the area of Athletics : the Type Walking, Jogging, and Running at 47.4% was the most common, with Rhythmic Exercise second at 31.6%, and Aquatic Exercise third at 15.8%. Intensity-of 50-80% was the most common at 73.7%. Frequency-of 3~5X a week was the most common at 84.2%. Duration-of 30-60 minutes per session being the commonest choice, while sessions of 6~12 minutes or more than 90 were 15.8%. Exercise periods of more than 8 weeks were the most common at 78.9%, while those of 6 weeks were 15.8%. The exercise methods used to attain Intensity (66.7, 26.3, 62.5%), Frequency(3.9, 15.8, 25.0 %), Duration( 15.8, 21.4, 18.8%) in Nursing Science, Athletics and Medicine were not described in detail. 9. The effect of Exercise Therapy was categorized into 'positive', 'partially positive', 'no effect'according to dependant variables : Having a positive effect Glucose Metabolism and the Others (80.0%), Physical Response (75.7%), Activities of Daily Living(75.0%), Physical Strength (70.7%), Body Composition(67.0%), Psychological Response(62.7%), Cardio pulmonary Function (61.8%). and Lipid Metabolism(55.1%). The following suggestions can be made on the above findings: 1. Research which includes patients with chronic disease needs to be studied. 2. Research findings on Exercise Therapy as a Nursing Intervention need to described by their elements of Type, Intensity, Frequency, Duration and Period. 3. To properly research the positive effects of Exercise Therapy, there needs to be (1) appropriate research design, (2) selection criteria for the subjects of the studies, (3) sample size parameters, and (4) measurement criterion for the dependant variables. 4. Meta-analysis on Exercise Therapy needs to be done to analyze and integrate the various results. 5. The patterns of Exercise Therapy need to be compared with existing international research and current trends for the most effective program design and implementation.
Academies and Institutes ; Activities of Daily Living ; Body Composition ; Chronic Disease ; Exercise Therapy* ; Glucose ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Jogging ; Korea* ; Learning ; Lipid Metabolism ; Metabolism ; Nursing* ; Patient Selection ; Physiology ; Rehabilitation ; Research Design ; Running ; Sample Size ; Schools, Nursing ; Sports ; Walking

The objective of this study is to present a new approaches of development systems of test items that will be applied to the National Medical Licensing Examinations. In order to relate all elements of the evaluation process in building a new system, we used the systems approach to problem-solving which involves the development of an overall plan incorporating the interrelated parts of an evaluation process in a sequential pattern. The method we have applied focuses on valid and relevant test items of each subject as an outcome. We have designed the six individual programs that would be a part of whole processes which consists of three different phases such as before-test, test and after-test. The six programs involves sequentially planning of test, requesting test item development, construc ting MCQ, managing test item bank, preparation of test sheets, and test item analysis. One of the characteristic feature of new system is running test item development committees which are made up of subject-matter specialists who together with the nation-wide specialists who are primarily responsible to construct test items, and also with education specialists to refine the structures of each test items.
Education ; Licensure* ; Running ; Specialization ; Tolnaftate

With fast development and wide applications of next generation sequencing (NGS), genomic sequence information is within reach to various research fields. Three benchtop NGS instruments are now available. The 454 GS Junior (Roche), Ion PGM (Life Technologies) and MiSeq (Illumina) are laser-printer sized and offer modest set-up and running costs. By reviewing 2 studies that compared the performance of these instruments, the major characteristics of each benchtop platforms are compared to enable direct comparisons. The 454 GS Junior generated the longest reads and most contiguous assemblies but had the lowest throughput. The Ion Torrent PGM had the highest throughput and fastest run time. The MiSeq had the highest throughput per run and lowest error rates. The Ion Torrent PGM and 454 GS Junior both produced homopolymer-associated indel errors. Although all the platforms allow multiplexing of samples, details of experimental design, library preparation and data analysis may constrain the options. The features of the platforms provide opportunities both to conduct groundbreaking studies and to waste money. Thus, careful considerations should be made before purchasing or using any of them.
Research Design ; Running ; Statistics as Topic