No abstract available.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support* ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation*

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify differences in awareness and ethical attitudes associated with Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) and decision about advance directives among the general populations. METHODS: Participants were 193 ordinary people from 2 provinces and data were collected from December 23, 2013 to January 30, 2014. Structured questionnaires included awareness measuring tool and ethical attitudes measuring tool. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis using descriptive statistics, t-test, and chi2-test with SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. RESULTS: Most of the participants responded that they agreed on the necessity of DNR and needed to do it by guidelines, while 47.2% responded that patients and their families should make a decision about the DNR. After the decision about DNR, they also agreed that efforts should be made to give the best treatment even if a DNR decision had been made by the patient. In general, there was a significant difference in advance directives for CPR depending on gender and living with family or not. CONCLUSION: For a professional and systematic approach to the problem, DNR guidelines sufficient to elicit social consensus are needed.
Advance Directives* ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Consensus ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Resuscitation Orders

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of counting numbers out for giving breaths on the interruption time (IT) of chest compressions (CCs) and chest compression fraction (CCF) in the 2-rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). METHODS: Thirty medical students were enrolled in this randomized control simulation study, and were randomly divided into the control group and the study group. Both groups performed 2-rescuer CPR for 5-cycles with giving breaths using a bag-mask. Only participants in the study group were instructed to count numbers out for each breath verbally ("one, two") at the end point of each inspiration period and immediately perform CCs at the point of counting "two". RESULTS: However, no differences in terms of depth, rate, incorrect location, and duty cycle of CCs, as well as ventilation volume of each breath, time to delivery of two breaths, and counts of breathing during 1 minute were observed between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The study group had significantly shorter IT and higher CCF compared with the control group. And no significant differences in the other measured parameters of CPR quality were observed between the two groups.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Heart Massage ; Humans ; Manikins* ; Pilot Projects* ; Respiration ; Respiration, Artificial ; Students, Medical ; Thorax* ; Ventilation

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is series of rescue measures for saving cardiac arrest patients. Early initiation and good quality of CPR is crucial for increasing chance of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. In recent years, the CPR guidelines have changed a lot, especially in basic life support. The guideline now pays more attention on chest compression and less to ventilation. CPR with chest compression only and without mouth-to-mouth ventilation is more popular. In this article, we outline the development and recent researches of CPR. As depriving oxygen from a collapsed patient for 6 min may result in poor outcome, the average time for ambulance transport is longer (about 10 to 16 min) in China, which makes rescuers easy to feel fatigue, chest compression only CPR is not suitable in China. Though non-professional rescuers have difficulty to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation, they generally show a willingness to do so. To strengthen public standard CPR training including mouth-to-mouth ventilation and chest compression, is most important to promote CPR in China.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; methods ; China ; Heart Arrest ; Heart Massage ; Humans ; Oxygen ; Respiration, Artificial

Artificial respiration has a dramatic history, made so by the latruistic aim behind the crude attempts of the technique to save lives. Without the aid of science, and beset by fear, witchcraft, and superstitions man began to look for the answer to his dilemma-how to revive a person who had stopped breathing. Then, with the aid of science, during the 17th century, these methods were improved, tested, and made comparatively more effectiveAt present there are two methods very popular in almost all English-speaking countries- the Sylvester methods and the Schafer method. In 1932, another technique of artificial respiration, the H.N. method was introduced. This method is a double-action technique wherein both the expiration and inspiration are forced by the operator. It claims the following advantages over the Schafer method: 1. The method makes use of both movements of the operator2. The H.N. method gives greater ventilation than the other first-aid methods, especially by the very effective inspiration induced by an arm-lifting movements3. The operation is less tiresome4. The H.N. method (arm raising only) can be applied more conveniently by the operator even while the victim is being transported on a stretcher5. The method causes no injury to the patient, not even to a pregnant woman. (Summary)
Resuscitation, Respiration, Artificial

PURPOSE: We explored the relationship between the use of each medical intervention and the length of time between do-not-resuscitate (DNR) consent and death in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 295 terminal cancer patients participated in this retrospective study. Invasive interventions (e.g., cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intubation, and hemodialysis), less invasive interventions (e.g., transfusion, antibiotic use, inotropic use, and laboratory tests), and the time interval between the DNR order and death were evaluated. The subjects were divided into three groups based on the amount of time between DNR consent and death (G1, time interval ≤ 1 day; G2, time interval > 1 day to ≤ 3 days; and G3, time interval > 3 days). RESULTS: In general, there were fewer transfusions and laboratory tests near death. Invasive interventions tended to be implemented only in the G1 group. There was also less inotrope use and fewer laboratory tests in the G3 group than G1 and G2. Moreover, the G3 group received fewer less invasive interventions than those in G1 (odds ratio [OR], 0.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03 to 0.84; 3 days before death, and OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.59; the day before death). The frequency of less invasive interventions both 1 and 3 days before death was significantly lower for the G3 group than the G1 (p ≤ 0.001) and G2 group compared to G1 (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Earlier attainment of DNR permission was associated with reduced use of medical intervention. Thus, physicians should discuss death with terminal cancer patients at the earliest practical time to prevent unnecessary and uncomfortable procedures and reduce health care costs.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Health Care Costs ; Humans ; Intubation ; Korea* ; Resuscitation Orders ; Retrospective Studies ; Terminal Care

BACKGROUND: A questionnaire for the primary caregivers of critically ill elderly patients on Do-Not-Resuscitate(DNR) status was developed. METHODS: The survey was administered to 132 primary caregivers of critically ill elderly patients in a veteran's hospital in Busan. RESULTS: The age range of the primary caregivers was 51-60 years. Of the primary caregivers, 58.3% of them were the patient's wife, 62.1% didn't have job, and 50.8% were not aware of the DNR status. Of the primary caregivers, 56.8% did not think about the patient's DNR, but if they heard about DNR from a physician, 68.9% of them could accept it. The most important reason for a DNR is pain relief of the dying patient. According to 72.7% of respondents, the patient should be asked about the DNR, but input from the family and physician should be included. Further, 68.2% of the respondents will consider a DNR for themselves in the future because they don't support meaningless life. The respondents were more inclined to think about DNR status, accept DNR status, and consider DNR status for themselves when they learned about the DNR from the physician and the patient is asked about the DNR. CONCLUSION: Primary caregivers are often required to think about DNR status. The findings of this study can be the basis for making objective standards concerning DNR status.
Aged ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Caregivers ; Critical Illness ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Resuscitation Orders ; Spouses

No abstract available.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Resuscitation*

PURPOSE: Percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) provides hemodynamic stability under various clinical settings, including cardiopulmonary arrest. We compared a single center's experience with performing PCPS during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and post-resuscitation care to evaluate the prognostic factors for survival. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 83 patients with cardiopulmonary arrest who received PCPS during or within 6 hours of CPR from January, 2004, to December, 2007. Venoarterial bypass systems were used in all cases with femoral cannulation. RESULTS: The mean duration of CPR was 37.2+/-26.4 min and the mean time interval from CPR to PCPS insertion was 73.1+/-107.9 min. The mean duration of PCPS was 73.4+/-110.6 h. Of the 83 patients, 48 underwent PCPS during CPR before recovery of spontaneous circulation and 35 received PCPS during post-resuscitation care for hemodynamic support. Forty-eight patients (57.8%) were successfully weaned off of the PCPS and 34 patients (41.0%) were discharged from the hospital. Among the survivors, 29 patients (34.9%) had no neurological deficits. In multivariate regression analysis, the duration of CPR and defibrillation of pulseless ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation before PCPS were significant prognostic factors for survival (p=0.007 and p=0.015, respectively). In subgroup analysis of the 48 patients who received PCPS before resuscitation with conventional CPR, the duration of CPR that was equal to the time interval from CPR to PCPS insertion was also a significant factor for survival (p=0.011) with a survival rate of 27.1%. CONCLUSION: The duration of CPR is very important for survival. Application of PCPS in CPR can shorten the duration of CPR and maintain hemodynamic stability. Therefore, PCPS is a good resuscitative tool in CPR and post-resuscitation care with an acceptable survival rate and outcome when conventional measures fail.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Heart Arrest ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Resuscitation ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Survivors ; Tachycardia, Ventricular

PURPOSE: Hyperventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is common and can be detrimental to survival. We designed a method for delivery of an appropriate rate of ventilation during CPR by setting a compression numbers to ventilation ratio. METHODS: We conducted a virtual simulation trial using 12 randomly sorted actual CPR video files. Participants provided ventilation using a self-inflating bag while watching one minute of CPR video clips utilizing pre-set compression to ventilation ratios of 10:1, 12:1, and 15:1, respectively. Ventilation rates per minute were manually calculated and analyzed. RESULTS: Eight medical doctors and eight emergency medical technician students were included. Among the three groups, significant different mean (S.D) ventilation rate per min (compression to ventilation ratio were 10:1, 12:1, and 15:1) was (9.9 (1.3) vs. 8.8 (1.0) vs. 7.2 (0.8), respectively; p<0.0001). Proportion of the number of appropriately delivered ventilations was 62.5%, 89.6%, and 38.0% for compression to ventilation ratios of 10:1, 12:1, and 15:1, respectively (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Compression to ventilation ratio of 12:1 resulted in a significantly appropriate ventilation rate, compared with the ratio of 10:1 or 15:1. Pre-set compression to ventilation ratio of 12:1 seems to be a novel method for delivery of an appropriate number of ventilations during CPR after establishment of an advanced airway.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Emergency Medical Technicians ; Humans ; Hyperventilation ; Ventilation