Graft Rejection ; immunology ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance ; Liver ; immunology ; Liver Regeneration ; immunology ; Liver Transplantation ; immunology ; Transplantation, Homologous

γδ T cells display unique developmental, distributional, and functional patterns and can rapidly respond to various insults and contribute to diverse diseases. Different subtypes of γδ T cells are produced in the thymus prior to their migration to peripheral tissues. γδ T cells are enriched in the liver and exhibit liver-specific features. Accumulating evidence reveals that γδ T cells play important roles in liver infection, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, and liver cancer and regeneration. In this study, we review the properties of hepatic γδ T cells and summarize the roles of γδ T cells in liver diseases. We believe that determining the properties and functions of γδ T cells in liver diseases enhances our understanding of the pathogenesis of liver diseases and is useful for the design of novel γδ T cell-based therapeutic regimens for liver diseases.
Animals ; Cytokines ; immunology ; Humans ; Liver Diseases ; immunology ; Liver Regeneration ; immunology ; Mice ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; immunology

The immune function of spleen after partial splenectomy (PSM) of rabbits was stuided using microwave tissue coagulation (MTC). Streptococcus pneumoniae suspension was injected into the ear veins of rabbits 4 weeks after they were subjected to partial splenectomy using microwave tissue coagulation (PSM) group and to sham operation (SO groups), respectively. India ink was given via portal vein. Residual spleen were resected and microscopic examinations were performed on spleen slices stained using HE to compare phagocytic functions of macrophage. Gradings of phagocytic function in macrophage were of no significant difference between PSM and SO groups (P > 0.05). Weights of spleens showed no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). The phagocytic function of macrophage after PSM can be preserved well. The result of this experiment implies that splenic salvage using MTC is a clinically applicable method.
Animals ; Female ; Macrophages ; immunology ; Male ; Microwaves ; therapeutic use ; Phagocytes ; immunology ; Rabbits ; Regeneration ; immunology ; Spleen ; physiology ; Splenectomy ; methods

Ambystoma mexicanum/immunology* ; Amputation ; Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism* ; Blastomeres/immunology* ; Cell Lineage/immunology* ; Connective Tissue Cells/immunology* ; Epithelial Cells/immunology* ; Forelimb ; Gene Expression ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Immunity ; Peroxiredoxins/immunology* ; Regeneration/immunology* ; Regenerative Medicine/methods* ; Single-Cell Analysis/methods*

Biomedical Research ; trends ; Computers ; Humans ; Implants, Experimental ; Myelin Proteins ; antagonists & inhibitors ; immunology ; Nerve Regeneration ; immunology ; physiology ; Nogo Proteins ; Patient Education as Topic ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo observe the change in quantity and morphology of nerve fibers in different periods in granulation tissue in full-thickness burn wound.

METHODSThe granulation tissue samples were harvested from 40 patients with full-thickness burn in our unit at 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th post burn week (PBW), 10 samples were obtained at each time point. Donor site tissues from 10 burn patients were used as normal control. Immunofluorescent staining technique with anti-neurofilament (NF) monoclonal antibody was employed to examine the expression of nerve fibers in granulation tissue and normal skin. The morphology of nerve fibers was observed with fluorescence microscope and laser scanning confocal microscope.

RESULTSFluorescence microscopy showed: nerve fibers were short and rare at 1 PBW, the ratio of nerve fibers positive area was (0.14 +/- 0.08)%. Nerve fibers increased slightly and were in single filament without branches, and the positive area ratio of nerve fibers (0.40 +/- 0.09)% was much lower than that of normal control [(0.62 +/- 0.12)%, P < 0.05]. Nerve fibers increased significantly and were arranged like a mesh with more branches and sproutings, and the positive area ratio of nerve fibers was (0.73 +/- 0.16)% at 3 PBW. The quantity of nerve fibers at 4 PBW was similar to that of 3 PBW, and the positive area ratio of nerve fibers was (0.66 +/- 0.13)%. Observations under LSCM: the nerve fibers were short at 1, 2 PBW; was irregular at 3 PBW, among them some were swollen and distorted, and fragmentation and vacuolation were observed. They became aggregated at 4PBW with less branches, similar to that at 3 PBW. The structures of nerve fibers in normal control were intact, without obvious pathological changes.

CONCLUSIONThe change in quantity and morphology of nerve fibers in burn wound is related to the time of granulation tissue development.

Adult ; Burns ; pathology ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Granuloma ; etiology ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Fibers ; metabolism ; pathology ; Nerve Regeneration ; Neurofilament Proteins ; immunology ; Skin ; innervation ; Wound Healing

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of newborn rat hepatocyte intrasplenic transplantation combined with rat augmenter of liver regeneration (rALR) injection in treating rats with acute hepatic failure.

METHODSAcute hepatic failure (AHF) was induced in rats using D-gal (1.2 g/kg). The rats were then randomly divided into 6 groups. Group I received no further treatment and served as blank controls; group II received 1 ml buffered saline once through intrasplenic injection; group III received 1 ml rALR; group IV received 2 x 10(7)/ml hepatocytes; group V received 2 x 10(7) hepatocytes suspended in 1 ml rALR (50 microg/kg) and group VI received 2 x 10(7) hepatocytes in 1 ml cyclosporine A (10 mg/kg). The rats of the various treated groups were sacrificed at day 1, 5 and at week 2 and their livers and spleens were examined histopathologically. Blood samples of the rats were also obtained to determine the levels of TNF alpha and IL-1 beta.

RESULTSThere were no significant differences in survival between group I, II and III rats. 33.3% of the group IV rats survived for 2 weeks. At week 2, the survival rate of group V rats was significantly higher than that of group IV, but there was of no statistical significant increase when compared to that of group VI rats. Hepatocytes transplanted into spleens survived for 5-7 days in the spleens of group IV and VI rats, but they survived at least 2 weeks in group V. The average serum TNF alpha level in group IV was significantly higher than that in groups V and VI on the first postoperative day, but after four days, only the difference between group IV and group VI was significant (P < 0.05). The average serum level of TNF alpha in group II was higher than that in groups IV, V and VI on the first postoperative day (P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences between those in groups IV, V and VI on the 1st and the 5th postoperative days.

CONCLUSIONNewborn rat hepatocyte intrasplenic transplantation combined with rALR is effective in treating acute hepatic function failure induced by D-gal in rats. The transplanted hepatocytes can survive for at least 2 weeks in the spleens. The rALR mixed with the hepatocytes injected into the spleens may be able to facilitate the hepatocyte regeneration, to inhibit liver cell apoptosis and to suppress the cellular immunity.

Animals ; Cell Transplantation ; methods ; Female ; Hepatocytes ; transplantation ; Liver Failure, Acute ; immunology ; surgery ; Liver Regeneration ; Male ; Proteins ; therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Spleen ; surgery

OBJECTIVE: To examine the biocompatibility of polylactic/glycolic acid (PLGA) and Schwann cells. METHOD: Schwann cells were harvested from rat brachial and sciatic nerves. Schwann cells were cultured with PLGA, observed by phase-contrast microscopy and electron microscopy. RESULT: Schwann cells could attach and proliferate on the surface of the PLGA. CONCLUSION The PLGA has good cellular biocompatibility. It can be used as biomaterial for tissue engineering.
Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; Cells, Cultured ; Lactic Acid ; Nerve Regeneration ; Polyesters ; Polyglycolic Acid ; Polymers ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Schwann Cells ; cytology ; immunology

Currently, the most effective treatment for end-stage liver fibrosis is liver transplantation; however, transplantation is limited by a shortage of donor organs, surgical complications, immunological rejection, and high medical costs. Recently, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been suggested as an effective alternate approach for the treatment of hepatic diseases. MSCs have the potential to differentiate into hepatocytes, and therapeutic value exists in their immune-modulatory properties and secretion of trophic factors, such as growth factors and cytokines. In addition, MSCs can suppress inflammatory responses, reduce hepatocyte apoptosis, increase hepatocyte regeneration, regress liver fibrosis and enhance liver functionality. Despite these advantages, issues remain; MSCs also have fibrogenic potential and the capacity to promote tumor cell growth and oncogenicity. This paper summarizes the properties of MSCs for regenerative medicine and their therapeutic mechanisms and clinical application in the treatment of liver fibrosis. We also present several outstanding risks, including their fibrogenic potential and their capacity to promote pre-existing tumor cell growth and oncogenicity.
Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Proliferation ; Hepatocytes/immunology/metabolism/pathology/*transplantation ; Humans ; Liver/immunology/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology/*surgery ; Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis/immunology/metabolism/physiopathology/*surgery ; Liver Regeneration ; *Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects ; *Mesenchymal Stromal Cells/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Phenotype ; Regenerative Medicine/*methods ; Risk Factors ; Signal Transduction ; Treatment Outcome

There have been many attempts for regeneration of peripheral nerve injury. In this study, we examined the in vivo effects of non-differentiated and neuronal differentiated adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in inducing the neuronal regeneration in the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats undergoing nerve defect bridged with the PCL nanotubes. Then, we performed immunohistochemical and histopathologic examinations, as well as the electromyography, in three groups: the control group (14 sciatic nerves transplanted with the PCL nanotube scaffold), the experimental group I (14 sciatic nerves with the non-differentiated ADSCs at a density of 7x105 cells/0.1 mL) and the experimental group II (14 sciatic nerves with the neuronal differentiated ADSCs at 7x105 cells/0.1 mL). Six weeks postoperatively, the degree of the neuronal induction and that of immunoreactivity to nestin, MAP-2 and GFAP was significantly higher in the experimental group I and II as compared with the control group. In addition, the nerve conduction velocity (NCV) was significantly higher in the experimental group I and II as compared with the control group (P=0.021 and P=0.020, respectively). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the NCV between the two experimental groups (P>0.05). Thus, our results will contribute to treating patients with peripheral nerve defects using PCL nanotubes with ADSCs.
Adipose Tissue/cytology ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Electromyography ; Male ; Nanotubes ; *Nerve Regeneration ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/immunology ; Nestin/immunology ; Neural Conduction/physiology ; Peripheral Nerve Injuries/*surgery ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/immunology ; Polyesters/*therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sciatic Nerve/injuries/surgery ; Stem Cell Transplantation/*methods ; Stem Cells/*cytology ; Tissue Engineering/methods