Increase of microvascular permeability is one of the most important pathological events in the pathogenesis of trauma and burn injury. Massive leakage of fluid from vascular space leads to lose of blood plasma and decrease of effective circulatory blood volume, resulting in formation of severe tissue edema, hypotension or even shock, especially in severe burn injury. Fluid resuscitation has been the only valid approach to sustain patient's blood volume for a long time, due to the lack of overall and profound understanding of the mechanisms of vascular hyperpermeability response. There is an emerging concept in recent years that some so-called barrier stabilizing mediators play a positive role in preventing the increase of vascular permeability. These mediators may be released in response to proinflammatory mediators and serve to restore endothelial barrier function. Some of these stabilizing mediators are important even in quiescent state because they preserve basal vascular permeability at low levels. This review introduces some of these mediators and reveals their underlying signaling mechanisms during endothelial barrier enhancing process.
Burns ; Capillary Permeability ; Fluid Therapy ; Humans ; Permeability

BACKGROUND: Many studies in severe acute pancreatitis have demonstrated an increase in intestinal permeability, but not in mild acute pancreatitis. The current methods to measure intestinal permeability need much time and also laborious work. Therefore, we investigate the changes of intestinal permeability in patients with mild acute pancreatis and clinical predictive factor for the intestinal permeability in patients with acute pancreatitis. METHODS: The intestinal permeability were measured in 14 normal heathy controls, 41 patients with mild acute pancreatitis (alcoholic 14, biliary 12, idiopathic 15) by measuring 24 hour urine excretion of 51Cr-EDTA (51Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) for evaluation of the gut barrier dysfunction. We compared the intestinal permeability with clinical characteristics of patients. RESULTS: The intestinal permeability was significantly increased in patients with mild acute pancreatitis (6.01+/-4.11%, p<0.001) versus control subjects (1.86+/-0.52%). There was no significant difference in the intestinal permeability among the patients with alcoholic, biliary and idiopathic pancreatitis. The correlation was not found between intestinal permeability and clinical characteristics in patients with mild acute pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS: The intestinal permeability is increased in patients with mild acute pancreatitis regardless of etiology of pancreatitis. The predictive factor for gut barrier dysfunction is not detected in patients with mild acute pancreatitis.
Alcoholics ; Humans ; Pancreatitis* ; Permeability*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the endothelial function of cornea preserved in newly developing korean corneal storage media (CS002, CS003) by estimating the permeability of corneal endothelium and the change of corneal thickness. METHODS: The cornea were divided into six experimental groups - fresh group immediately after enucleation, 4degrees Cmoist chamber group preserved for 24 hours and 48 hours, Optisol & CS002 group for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, and Likorol & CS003 group for 7, 10, and 14 days after enucleation, and then corneal endothelial permeability(Pac) was measured using carboxyfluorescein solution. Corneal thickness was measured using pachymeter(fine focus adjustment) of the specular microscope. RESULTS: Corneal endothelial Pac (x1 0(- 4) cm/min) was 3.64+/-0.33 in fresh group, 4.79+/-0.28 in 4degrees Cmoist chamber group for 24 hours. Each endothelial Pac of CS002 group at 5 and 7 days was 5.81+/-0.55 and 5.65+/-0.58, which were different with 4degrees Cmoist chamber preservation group for 24 hours(p<0.05) but not different with Optisol groups at same days. Each endothelial Pac of CS003 group at 7, 10, and 14 days was 4.34+/-0.34, 4.66+/-0.59, and 4.66+/-0.27, which were not different from those of Likorol. Each corneal thickness of CS002 and Optisol group at 7days was 417.80+/-19.37 mu m and 421.00+/-19.75mu m, which were resemble increment. Corneal thickness was 426.75+/-22.43mu m in CS003 group and 476.00+/- 40.08mu m in Likorol group at 7days. There was statistical difference between the two group(P<0.05), and this difference was sustained for 14days (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the effect on corneal endothelial permeability between korean corneal storage media such as CS002 and CS003, and that of previous corneal storage media such as Optisol and Likorol. Corneal thickness of cornea preserved in korean corneal storage media was thinner than that of Likorol.
Cornea* ; Endothelium, Corneal ; Permeability

No abstract available.
Asthma* ; Humans ; Permeability*

BACKGROUND: The role of stratum corneum has been known to be the major barrier against percutaneous absorption. The change of osmotic gradient onto stratum corneum may affect the permeability barrier function though its mechanism has not been explained. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we have tested hyperosmolar glucose solution (1M, 0.1M) over the living skin or the separated epidermal sheets to determine the penetration-related pharmacokinetics such as absorption, saturation, diffusion kinetics in vivo or in vitro. METHODS: The hyperosmolar glucose patches were applied to 10 healthy volunteers' forearm skin to analyze the absorption profiles through stratum corneum. For investigating the role of osmotic pressure influencing the disposition of glucose, in vitro two compartment model was used to characterize the pharmacokinetics of glucose through epidermal sheets. RESULTS: The quantitative assay of applied hyperosmolar glucose from sequentially stripped stratum corneum of volunteers revealed the high glucose/protein ratio and steep concentration gradient at the uppermost layers down to lower layers. The pharmacokinetic profile of hyperosmolar glucose in vitro shows both the saturation delay pattern and steady flux pattern regarding glucose diffusion. CONCLUSION: The stratum corneum act as a major permeation barrier against glucose disposition, though the concentration-dependent pharmacokinetics by its osmotic gradient were rather different. Thus, the osmolarity-related event over stratum corneum might be a considerable factor during percutaneous absorption.
Absorption ; Diffusion ; Forearm ; Glucose* ; Kinetics ; Osmotic Pressure ; Permeability ; Pharmacokinetics* ; Skin ; Skin Absorption ; Volunteers

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of a new Single step system with different curing mode composites, and to evaluate the effect of the intermediate resins which have different hydrophilicity on bonding ability by means of the micro shear bond testing and TEM examination for the adhesive interface. The adhesive used in this study was an experimental single step system (Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, IL). Experimental groups were produced by using six kinds of intermediate resin having different hydrophilicity that was hydrophilic, hydrophobic and most hydrophobic resin and as filled or not after applying adhesive. Each experimental group was further divided into two subgroups whether the adhesive was light cured or not. Dual cured composite (Bis Core, Bisco Ltd., Schaumburg, IL) was placed on the adhesive layer as light cure or self cure mode. The results of bond strength were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA and multiple comparisons are made using Tukey's test at alpha < 0.05 level. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The application of intermediate resin did not increase the bond strength for light cured composite. 2. The bond strength of an experimental adhesive with self cured composite was significantly increased by the application of intermediate resin layer. 3. The bond strength of adhesive was irrespective of the cure or not of itself before intermediate resin layer applied. 4. As applied hydrophilic resin layer was, the initial bond strength was higher than both hydrophobic and most hydrophobic one used but there was no significance. Using a single step adhesive with dual/self cured composite, the incompatibility between both of them should be solved by the application of intermediate hydrophobic resin to reduce the adhesive permeability. However, Single step adhesive can be used in the light cured composite restoration without any decrease of the initial bond strength.
Adhesives* ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions* ; Permeability

No abstract available.
Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic* ; Membranes* ; Permeability*

Nephrotic syndrome results in a prolonged, heavy increase in glomerular permeability to proteins. Nephrotic syndrome caused by malignant neoplasms accounts for 7.9% to 10.9%. Nephrotic syndrome can improve following resection of gastric malignancies. However, the relationship between early gastric cancer and nephrotic syndrome has not been elucidated. We report a case of early gastric cancer with nephrotic syndrome that improved after resection of the primary gastric lesion by endoscopic submucosal dissection.
Nephrotic Syndrome* ; Permeability ; Stomach Neoplasms*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Permeability* ; Rats* ; Urinary Bladder*

Unlike most secretory cells, high extra cellular calcium inhibits rather than stimulates hormonal secretion in several cells such as parathyroid cells, Juxtaglomerular cells and osteoclast. To gain further insight into the common but unique stimulus-secretion coupling mechanism in these cells, bovine parathyroid slices were incubated in various conditions of Krebs-Ringer (KR) solution containing essential amino acids. Parathyroid cells showed the inverse dependency of secretion on extra cellular calcium concentration as we expected. Ammonium acetate overcame the inhibitory effect of 2.5 mM of calcium and the maximum effect was as much as the five times of the basal value, while there was a little additive effect under 0 mM CaCl2. PTH secretion was biphasic according to the change of extra cellular osmolarity and the lowest response was observed at 300 mOsm/l. In Na-rich KR solution, high concentration of nigericin (> 10(-4)M) completely overcame the inhibitory effect of 2.5 mM CaCl2 and the maximum stimulatory effect was 8 times greater whereas it was only 2 times greater without CaCl2. In K-rich KR solution that abolished the K-gradient between the extra cellular solution and the cytoplasm, the rate of PTH secretion increased, and furthermore the addition of nigericin increased the rate of secretion significantly. The results above suggested that the osmotic swelling of the secretory vesicle in parathyroid cells might promote exocytosis as in Juxtaglomerular cells. We propose that the swelling of the vesicle is also prerequisite for secretion in several cells inhibited paradoxically by Ca++, whatever the signal transduction pathway for swelling of the secretory granules induced by the lowering of Ca++ in cytoplasm are.
Acetates/pharmacology ; Animal ; Body Fluids/*metabolism ; Cattle ; Cell Membrane Permeability ; Ionophores/pharmacology ; Mannitol/pharmacology ; Nigericin/pharmacology ; Osmosis ; Parathyroid Glands/drug effects/*secretion ; Parathyroid Hormones/*secretion ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't