Bacillus sp. TSH1 is a butanol-producing microorganism newly isolated in our laboratory; it can grow and ferment under facultative anaerobic conditions, while sharing similar fermentation pathways and products with Clostridium acetobutylicum. To illustrate the relationships between the products and the enzyme activities in Bacillus sp. TSH1, key butanol- and ethanol-forming enzymes were studied, including butyraldehyde dehydrogenase, butanol dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase. The activities of the three enzymes increased rapidly after the initiation of fermentation. Activities of three enzymes peaked before 21 h, and simultaneously, product concentrations also began to increase gradually. The maximum activity of alcohol dehydrogenase was 0.054 U/mg at 12 h, butyraldehyde dehydrogenase 0.035 U/mg at 21 h and butanol dehydrogenase 0.055 U/mg at 15 h. The enzyme activities then decreased, but remained constant at a low level after 24 h, while the concentrations of butanol, acetone, and ethanol continued increasing until the end of the fermentation. The results will attribute to the understanding of the butanol metabolic mechanism, and provide a reference for further study of a facultative Bacillus metabolic pathway.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases ; metabolism ; Aldehyde Oxidoreductases ; metabolism ; Anaerobiosis ; Bacillus ; classification ; genetics ; metabolism ; Butanols ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways

Objective To explore the change rules of blood ethanol and blood acetaldehyde concentration, the impairment of psychomotor functions of different acetaldehyde dehydrogenase （ALDH） 2 genotype individuals after alcohol consumption and the relationship among them. Methods The ALDH2 genotypes in seventy-nine healthy volunteers were obtained by SNaPshot^TM method, then divided into ALDH2*1/*1 （wild type） and ALDH2*1/*2 （mutant type） group. After volunteers consumed 1.0 g/kg of alcohol, blood ethanol concentration and blood acetaldehyde concentration at a series of time points before and after alcohol consumption and psychomotor functions, such as, visual selective response time, auditory simple response time and tracking experiment were detected. Biphasic alcohol response questionnaires were collected. Results After alcohol consumption, ALDH2*1/*2 group's blood ethanol and blood acetaldehyde concentration reached the peak earlier than ALDH2*1/*1 group. Its blood acetaldehyde concentration was higher than that of ALDH2*1/*1 group, 1-6 h after alcohol consumption. The psychomotor functions, such as visual selective response time and auditory simple response time in ALDH2*1/*2 group were more significantly impaired than those in ALDH2*1/*1 group after alcohol consumption. There was no statistical significance between the two groups in excitement or sedation reactions （P>0.05）. Pearson correlation coefficient test showed that blood acetaldehyde concentration was related with psychomotor function. Conclusion There are significant differences between the psychomotor function of ALDH2 wild type and mutant type individuals after alcohol consumption estimated to be related to the difference in blood acetaldehyde concentration after alcohol consumption.
Acetaldehyde/metabolism* ; Alcohol Drinking/blood* ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/genetics* ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial ; Aldehyde Oxidoreductases ; Ethanol/metabolism* ; Genotype ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics* ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology*

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Telomere length is a useful biomarker for determining general aging status. Some studies have reported an association between alcohol consumption and telomere length in a general population; however, it is unclear whether the alcohol flush reaction, which is an alcohol-related trait predominantly due to acetaldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, is associated with telomere length. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the associations of alcohol consumption and alcohol flush reaction with leukocyte telomere length (LTL). SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study included 1,803 Korean adults. Participants provided blood specimens for LTL measurement assay and reported their alcohol drinking status and the presence of an alcohol flush reaction via a questionnaire-based interview. Relative LTL was determined by using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis used multiple linear regression models stratified by sex and age groups, and potential confounding factors were considered. RESULTS: Age-specific analyses showed that heavy alcohol consumption (> 30 g/day) was strongly associated with a reduced LTL in participants aged ≥ 65 years (P < 0.001) but not in younger participants. Similarly, the alcohol flush reaction was associated with a reduced LTL only in older participants who consumed > 15 g/day of alcohol (P < 0.01). No significant alcohol consumption or alcohol flush reaction associations with LTL were observed in the sex-specific analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that older alcohol drinkers, particularly those with the alcohol flush reaction, may have an accelerated aging process.
Acetaldehyde ; Adult* ; Aging ; Alcohol Drinking* ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Leukocytes* ; Linear Models ; Oxidoreductases ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Telomere*

This study is aimed to clone and express human, rat alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldo-keto reductase. Then the enantioselective metabolism of mandelic acid (MA) was studied. Human alcohol dehydrogenase 2, rat alcohol dehydrogenase 1, human and rat aldo-keto reductase 1A1 were amplified using RT-PCR from human and rat liver samples. Then subcloned into pET-28a (+) and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) stably. The protein was induced with IPTG and purified by affinity chromatography. Then the enzyme activities were measured. MA enantiomers were incubated with rat, human ADH and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) with AKR1A1, respectively. The metabolism was analyzed with HPLC. The proper genes were cloned and purified and proteins were obtained. All of the proteins obtained showed good activity. Stereoselective-metabolism of MA was observed in human ADH2, which favors for S-MA metabolism. The expression plasmids are constructed and the recombinant proteins are expressed successfully. The recombinant alcohol dehydrogenase and aldo-keto reductase have been employed to study MA metabolism.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Aldehyde Reductase ; Aldo-Keto Reductases ; Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Humans ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats, Wistar ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

The 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase isoenzyme encoding gene (yqhD) from E. coli was amplified by PCR. yqhD was inserted in pEtac to yield the recombinant expression vector pEtac-yqhD. Over-expression of yqhD in E. coli JM109 was achieved with pEtac-yqhD. SDS-PAGE analysis showed an over-expressed recombinant product at about 43 kD, consistent with the molecular weight predicted from gene sequence. Compared with E. coli JM109 (pEtac), the 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase isoenzyme activity of the recombinant E. coli (pEtac-yqhD) reached 120 u/mg protein under the induction of 1.0 mmol/L IPTG at 37 degrees C for 4 hours; at similar conditions, enzyme activity of E. coli JM109 (pEtac) was only 0.5 u/mg protein. The recombinant E. coli JM109 (pUCtac-dhaB, pEtac-yqhD) was constructed. After induction with 1.0 mmol/L IPTG, the recombinant strain could transform 50 g/L glycerol to 38 g/L 1,3-propanediol under aerobic conditions. This work demonstrated firstly that the 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase isoenzyme could show high activity under aerobic conditions.
Aerobiosis ; Alcohol Dehydrogenase ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Aldehyde Reductase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Escherichia coli ; enzymology ; genetics ; Escherichia coli Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Genetic Engineering ; methods ; Isoenzymes ; Propylene Glycols ; metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of the ethanol metabolizing enzymes and the occurrence of alcoholic liver disease (ALD).

METHODSSixty-five healthy male controls and 165 alcoholisms (including 122 ALD patients and 43 male alcohol abusers without liver complications defined as alcohol-dependent) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and hybridized with oligonucleotide microarray to detect the polymorphisms of the ethanol metabolizing enzymes genes.

RESULTSThe frequencies of alcohol dehydrogenase gene 2 * 1 ( ADH2 * 1 ) allele were shown as 37.69%, 46.51% and 59.02% in control, alcohol-dependent and ALD groups respectively; while those of ADH2 * 2 allele were shown as 62.31 %, 53.49% and 40.98% respectively. No ADH2 * 3 was detected in any of the subjects. The frequency of ADH2 * 1 was significantly higher in alcoholisms (ALD group and alcohol-dependent group) than in healthy controls ( P < 0. 01), and significantly higher in ALD group than in alcohol-dependent group ( P < 0.05) . The frequency of ADH3 * 2 was significantly higher in alcohol-dependents than in healthy controls ( P < 0.05) . The frequencies of ALDH2 * 2 allele mutation were significantly lower in alcoholisms than that in the healthy controls, and the deference between ALD group and alcohol-dependent group was significant. No homozygotes for the mutant ALDH2 * 2 allele were found in either alcoholic groups.

CONCLUSIONSPolymorphic ADH2, ADH3 and ALDH2 genes can affect the propensity for alcohol drinking in Chinese. The alleles of ADH2 * 2, ADH3 * 1 and ALDH2 * 2 are most likely to play a protective role against excessive consumption. ADH2 * 2 and ALDH2 X 2 may contribute to susceptibility for ALD.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase ; genetics ; Aldehyde Oxidoreductases ; genetics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Isoenzymes ; genetics ; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic ; genetics ; Male ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Polymorphism, Genetic

BACKGROUND: Elevated blood pressure is a major preventable cause of cardiovascular diseases. Alcohol consumption is a well-known risk factor of elevated blood pressure. The aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) polymorphism is common in Eastern Asians, and inactive ALDH2 genotypes are associated with both avoiding alcohol consumption and aldehyde accumulation. Therefore, this study assessed the associations between alcohol consumption and hypertension and blood pressure according to the ALDH2 genotypes.METHODS: This study consists of 8,526 participants in the Dong-gu Study. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) according to alcohol consumption after stratifying by gender and ALDH2 genotypes. Multivariate linear regression was performed to estimate the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) according to the amount of alcohol consumed.RESULTS: In men, alcohol consumption was positively associated with both SBP and DBP in active ALDH2 carriers, but not in inactive ALDH2 carriers. In active ALDH2 carriers, compared to non-drinkers, the OR of hypertension was 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91–1.49) for < 1 drink/day, and 1.44 (95% CI, 1.15–1.80) for ≥ 1 drink/day in men. With each 1 drink/day increase, SBP and DBP increased by 3 and 1 mmHg in men, respectively. There was no significant association between ALDH2 genotypes and hypertension and blood pressure in women.CONCLUSION: ALDH2 genotype modified the association between alcohol consumption and blood pressure in men. There was a positive relationship between alcohol consumption and blood pressure in active ALDH2 carriers, but no significant relationship in inactive ALDH2 carriers.
Acetaldehyde ; Alcohol Drinking ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Linear Models ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Oxidoreductases ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of reducing cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity with DWP-04 that is the compound of Schizandrin C derivative biphenyldimethyl dicarboxylate (DDB), glutathione and selenium. For the purpose of observation is that how DWP-04 has influence on mechanism of reducing cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity with renal function test, free radical formation and detoxification enzyme system in renal tissue. METHODS: Five groups of rats were dosed with vehicle, cisplatin (2 mg/kg i.p.), cisplatin+DWP-04 (100, 200 mg/kg po), or cisplatin+sodium thiosulfate (200 mg/kg i.p.) daily for 4 weeks. RESULTS: Serum creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase and activity of hydroxy radical increased in the cisplatin group and suppressed in the cisplatin+DWP-04 group compared to the cisplatin group. The renal tissue concentration of lipid peroxidase and lipofuscin were increased in the cisplatin group compared to the other groups. The activity of aminopyrine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase, of which free radical formation system in kidney was also decreased in the cisplatin+DWP-04 group compared to the cisplatin and cisplatin+sodium thiosulfate group. The activity of detoxification system of free radical, such as glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were markedly increased in the cisplatin+DWP-04 group than the cisplatin and the cisplatin+sodium thiosulfate group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the mechanism of decreasing cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by DWP-04 is that the decreasing of the amount of lipid peroxide and lipofuscin in the renal tissue by increasing activity of the antioxidant defense system and the decreasing of reactive oxygen species by increasing detoxification enzyme activity.
Aldehyde Oxidase ; Aminopyrine N-Demethylase ; Aniline Compounds ; Aniline Hydroxylase ; Animals ; Antioxidants ; Catalase ; Cisplatin ; Creatinine ; Cyclooctanes ; Glutathione ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Glutathione Transferase ; Kidney ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Lignans ; Lipofuscin ; Peroxidase ; Polycyclic Compounds ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Renal Insufficiency ; Selenium ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Xanthine Oxidase

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases ; deficiency ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Metabolism, Inborn Errors ; diagnosis ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; metabolism

Concomitant administration of a single acute dose of ethanol (4 g/kg) protected mice from the hepatocellular injury observed upon administration of a large dose of acetaminophen (400 mg/kg). This was evidenced by the normal histological appearances of liver sections and by the lowered serum aminotransferase activities in mice treated with ethanol and acetaminophen together. In the mice treated with acetaminophen alone, along with the hepatic necrosis, the hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase activity was decreased. However, co-administration of ethanol prevented this acetaminophen dependent inhibition on the microsomal mixed function oxidase activity. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that the concentration of un-metabolized drug in the blood was increased in the ethanol treated mice. Furthermore, upon co-administration of ethanol, although the biliary levels of acetaminophen metabolites (glucuronide, sulfate and cysteine conjugates) were decreased, the level of unmetabolized acetaminophen was increased. Our findings suggest that co-administration of an acute dose of ethanol reduces the degree of hepatocellular necrosis produced by a large dose of acetaminophen and this ethanol dependent protection is, in major part, afforded by suppression of the hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase activity catalyzing the metabolic activation of acetaminophen.
Acetaminophen* ; Aminopyrine N-Demethylase ; Animals ; Biotransformation* ; Cysteine ; Ethanol* ; Liver ; Mice* ; Necrosis* ; Oxidoreductases