OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship of gingival thickness (GT) and the width of keratinized gingiva (WKG) with different malocclusion groups and the level of crowding. METHODS: A total of 187 periodontally healthy subjects (121 females and 66 males) who presented at the Faculty of Dentistry in Yüzüncü Yıl University for orthodontic treatment were enrolled in the study. The individuals involved in the study were divided into three groups; Angle Class I malocclusion, Angle Class II malocclusion, and Angle Class III malocclusion. Each group was classified as mild, moderate, or severe according to the level of crowding. WKG was determined as the distance between the mucogingival junction and the free gingival margin. GT was determined by the transgingival probing technique. Factorial variance analysis and the Duncan multiple comparison test were employed to identify the extent to which a difference was apparent between the groups according to these parameters. RESULTS: It was determined that teeth in the mandibular anterior region display the thin gingival biotype. WKG and GT were observed as being higher at the mandibular incisor teeth in the severe crowding group and at the mandibular canine teeth in the mild crowding group. The GT of the mandibular right central and lateral incisors was found to be thinner in the Angle Class III group. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of this study, the results demonstrate that, there is no significant relationship of WKG and the mean GT in the mandibular anterior region according to the Angle classification.
Crowding* ; Cuspid ; Dentistry ; Female ; Gingiva* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Incisor ; Malocclusion* ; Malocclusion, Angle Class I ; Malocclusion, Angle Class II ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III ; Tooth

PURPOSE: This retrospective study was performed to investigate the prevalence of the idiopathic osteosclerosis (IO) in Korean malocclusion patients according to age, sex, and the Angle's classification of malocclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study consisted of 2,001 randomly selected patients from the Department of Orthodontics at the Gangneung-Wonju National University Dental Hospital, Korea. The prevalence of IO in Korean malocclusion patients was recorded using their panoramic radiographs, and the following parameters were surveyed; age, sex, and the Angle's classification of malocclusion. The chi-square test was analyzed to determine the statistical significance of differences in the prevalence of IO between age, sex, and the Angle's classification of malocclusion. RESULTS: The prevalence of IO in the jaws was 6.7% in a total of 2,001 examined orthodontic patients. The majority of IO was found in the mandible (96.58%). The 30-39 age group showed the highest prevalence of IO (9.60%). There was a higher prevalence in females (6.89%) than in males (6.45%). The prevalence of IO in Angle Class I group (7.07%) was the most frequent, followed by Angle Class II group (6.72%), and Angle Class III group (6.40%). However, there was no statistical significance in sex and Angle's classification of malocclusion. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of IO in malocclusion patients showed the differences between various age groups and most of them were found in the mandibular posterior area. However, sex and the type of malocclusion are not to be considered as a contributing factor of IO.
Female ; Humans ; Jaw ; Korea ; Male ; Malocclusion ; Malocclusion, Angle Class I ; Malocclusion, Angle Class II ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III ; Mandible ; Orthodontics ; Osteosclerosis ; Prevalence ; Radiography, Panoramic ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo compare the difference of corresponding age at cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stages among different skeletal malocclusions and provide clinic guideline on optimal treatment timing for skeletal malocclusion.

METHODSBased on ANB angle, 2 575 cephalograms collected from Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from May, 2006 to November, 2014 were classified into skeletal Class I (ANB 0°~5°, 1 317 subjects), Class II (ANB > 5°, 685 subjects) and Class III (ANB < 0°, 573 subjects) groups. CVM stages were evaluated with the modified version of CVM method. Independent sample t test was performed to analyze the difference of age at different CVM stages among various skeletal groups.

RESULTSSignificant gender difference of age was found at CS3 to CS6 for skeletal Class I group (P < 0.05), at CS5 and CS6 for skeletal Class II group (P < 0.05), and at CS3 and CS5 for skeletal Class III group (P < 0.05). At CS3 stage, the average age of male in skeletal Class II and skeletal Class III groups was (11.6 ± 1.5) years old and (10.3 ± 1.9) years old, respectively; the average age of females in those two groups was (11.7 ± 1.3) years old and (9.3 ± 1.5) years old, respectively, and significant difference was found in both comparisons (P < 0.05). Compared average age at CS5 and CS6 between skeletal Class II and skeletal Class III groups [the ages of male was (15.1 ± 1.7) and (16.8 ± 1.6) years old, the ages of male was (14.6 ± 1.2) and (15.7 ± 2.5) years old], significant difference was also found (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSSignificant gender differences were found when evaluated CVM stage and age in skeletal Class I, II and III groups. Significant differences of age at different CVM stage was noted when skeletal Class II was compared with skeletal Class III groups.

Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Cervical Vertebrae ; growth & development ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion, Angle Class I ; Malocclusion, Angle Class II ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III ; Sex Factors

OBJECTIVETo analysis the sum and frequencies of Bolton tooth-size discrepancies Angle Class I, II, III malocclusion patients.

METHODSMeasured each tooth crown mesial-distal size between the first molar of 439 dental plaster casts of malocclusion patients and obtained the sums of six anterior tooth-size and twelve tooth-size between the first molar of upper or lower and calculated the anterior and total tooth-size discrepancies by Bolton rate standards, then statistic analyses were done.

RESULTSPatients whose sums of anterior tooth-size discrepancy were pass 1.5 mm or less than -1.5 mm was 14.02% in Angle Class I malocclusion patients and 9.49% in Class II and 19.32% in Class III. Patients whose sums of total tooth-size discrepancy were pass 1.5 mm or less than -1.5 mm was 19.63% in Angle Class I malocclusion patients and 15.33% in Class II and 20.45% in Class III. The upper sum of anterior tooth-size of Class I malocclusion patients whose sums of anterior tooth-size discrepancies were pass 1.5 mm or less than -1.5 mm was always smaller than normal and the lower sum was always larger. The sums of anterior tooth-size discrepancy of Class I, II, III and total tooth-size discrepancy of Class I were always between 1.5 mm-2.5 mm or -2.5 mm(-)-1.5 mm. Patients whose sums of anterior tooth-size discrepancy were pass 3.5 mm or less than -3.5 mm was 2.34% in Class I malocclusion patients and 0 in class II and 0 in class III. Patients whose sums of total tooth-size discrepancy were pass 3.5 mm or less than -3.5 mm was 4.21% in Class I and 1.46% in Class II and 4.54% in Class III.

CONCLUSIONTooth-size discrepancy of malocclusion patients was not the general cause of malocclusion.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Dental Arch ; pathology ; Dental Occlusion ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion ; classification ; pathology ; Malocclusion, Angle Class I ; pathology ; Malocclusion, Angle Class II ; pathology ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III ; pathology ; Odontometry ; statistics & numerical data ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Tooth ; pathology

This study aimed to assess the reliability of experienced Chinese orthodontists in evaluating treatment outcome and to determine the correlations between three diagnostic information sources. Sixty-nine experienced Chinese orthodontic specialists each evaluated the outcome of orthodontic treatment of 108 Chinese patients. Three different information sources: study casts (SC), lateral cephalometric X-ray images (LX) and facial photographs (PH) were generated at the end of treatment for 108 patients selected randomly from six orthodontic treatment centers throughout China. Six different assessments of treatment outcome were made by each orthodontist using data from the three information sources separately and in combination. Each assessment included both ranking and grading for each patient. The rankings of each of the 69 judges for the 108 patients were correlated with the rankings of each of the other judges yielding 13 873 Spearman rs values, ranging from -0.08 to +0.85. Of these, 90% were greater than 0.4, showing moderate-to-high consistency among the 69 orthodontists. In the combined evaluations, study casts were the most significant predictive component (R(2)=0.86, P<0.000 1), while the inclusion of lateral cephalometric films and facial photographs also contributed to a more comprehensive assessment (R(2)=0.96, P<0.000 1). Grading scores for SC+LX and SC+PH were highly significantly correlated with those for SC+LX+PH (r(SC+LX)vs.(SC+LX+PH)=0.96, r(SC+PH)vs.(SC+LX+PH)=0.97), showing that either SC+LX or SC+PH is an excellent substitute for all three combined assessment.
Adolescent ; Cephalometry ; standards ; China ; Dental Models ; standards ; Esthetics, Dental ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion, Angle Class I ; therapy ; Malocclusion, Angle Class II ; therapy ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III ; therapy ; Orthodontics ; standards ; Peer Review, Health Care ; standards ; Photography ; standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Treatment Outcome

The purpose of this study was to compare mandibular teeth development of Angle Class I malocclusion group with that of Angle Class III malocclusion group. The studied subjects consisted of 217 Angle Class I malocclusion patients and 235 Angle Class III malocclusion patients. Two study methods were used. One was to evaluate tooth development degree by means of Nolla stage method, the others was to measure tooth length on panoramic radiograph. The following results were obtained, in 7, 8 and 9 years, tooth development of Angle Class III malocclusion group was significantly faster than that of Angle Class I malocclusion group. in 6 year and 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 years, the difference of tooth development degree between Angle Class III malocclusion group was not significant.
Humans ; Malocclusion* ; Malocclusion, Angle Class I* ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III* ; Tooth*

OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this investigation is to compare the differences of hard tissue changes and stability in patients with Class II division 1 treated with extraction of four first premolars by Begg appliance and Edgewise appliance.

METHODSThe study was conducted using lateral cephalometric radiographs taken pretreatment, posttreatment and following-up. Thirty patients who had an Angle's Class II division 1 malocclusion were treated with first premolar extractions (19 by Begg appliance and 11 by Edgewise appliance). Cephalometric radiographs were scanned and the data were analyzed according to the paired and unpaired t-test.

RESULTSThe differences between the pretreatment and posttreatment periods were statistically significant for all the incisor and molar cephalometric variables (P<0.05) except UMA-PPV and UMC-PPV by Edgewise appliance. During treatment the incisors moved lingual-inclined and extrusively, the molar moved mesially and extrusively except that the upper molar of the Edgewise group stayed relatively stable anteroposteriorly. During the follow-up period the anterior teeth moved forward and extrusively, the upper molar moved mesially and extrusively. There was no significant differences of tooth movement and stability between Begg appliance and Edgewise appliance (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONThere is no significant differences of hard tissue changes and stability between Begg appliance and Edgewise appliance.

Bicuspid ; Cephalometry ; Humans ; Incisor ; Male ; Malocclusion ; Malocclusion, Angle Class I ; Malocclusion, Angle Class II ; Molar ; Tooth ; Tooth Movement Techniques

Background: The incidence rate of Angle Class I and Class II malocclusions in mixed dentition is higher than Class III. In orthodontic interceptive treatment, it is necessary to identify pubertal growth spurt peak individually because the best growth modification could be obtained during this period. One of the methods in assessing the pubertal growth spurt peak is cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM), which is done using a lateral cephalometric radiograph. CVM evaluates potential growth and skeletal maturity by assessing cervical vertebrae anatomy. Identifying the duration of growth spurt peak on both malocclusion classes is the most pivotal aspect of optimizing remodeling and correction of children’s malocclusion. Objective: Distinguishing the duration of pubertal growth spurt peak of children with Angle Class I and II malocclusions based on CVM analysis in Deutero-Malay children so that it can be used in determining optimal orthodontic treatment plan and timing in children with Class I and Angle II malocclusion for Deutero-Malay children. Methods: Analytical observational with cross-sectional approach was applied using lateral cephalometric radiographic images from patients’ medical records attending or had attended orthodontic treatment in the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic, Airlangga University Dental Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, in 2014-2019 that met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed with Baccetti’s method of CVM analysis. This study involved 66 conventional lateral cephalometric photographs that were selected using total sampling. The data were analyzed using Independent T-Test and Mann Whitney U Test. Result: The duration of pubertal growth spurt peak in Angle Class I and II malocclusions was 11 and 7 months, respectively. The age of onset for Class I with CS3 was 9 years and 5 months, while for Angle Class II malocclusion starts entering the stage at 10 years 3 months of age, while for CS4 skeletal maturity we found that the age of onset for subjects with Angle Class I and II were 11 years 2 months and 12 years 4 months, respectively. The average duration of the pubertal growth spurt peak in female and male patients was 11.3 months and 18.2 months, respectively. All of these results were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001) and representative of the population, in this case, Deutero-Malays. Conclusion Four-month differences in the duration of pubertal growth spurt peak of children with Angle Class I and II were found. This may lead to a shorter treatment duration of 4 months in children with Angle Class II malocclusion when compared to children with Angle Class I malocclusion. Angle Class II malocclusion exhibit shorter pubertal growth spurt peak duration, which may account for the difference in mandibular growth on the two malocclusion classes.
Puberty ; Malocclusion ; Malocclusion, Angle Class I ; Malocclusion, Angle Class II ; Cervical Vertebrae ; Age Determination by Skeleton ; Cephalometry ; Asian People ; Age of Onset

We investigated the compensatory trends of mesiodistal angulation of first molars in malocclusion cases. We compared differences in the angulation of first molars in different developmental stages, malocclusion classifications and skeletal patterns. The medical records and lateral cephalogrammes of 1403 malocclusion cases taken before treatment were measured to evaluate compensation of molar angulation in relation to the skeletal jaw. The cases were stratified by age, Angle classification and skeletal patterns. Differences in the mesiodistal angulation of the first molars were compared among the stratifications. We observed three main phenomena. First, angulation of the upper first molar varied significantly with age and tipped most distally in cases aged <12 years and least distally in cases aged >16 years. The lower first molar did not show such differences. Second, in Angle Class II or skeletal Class II cases, the upper first molar was the most distally tipped, the lower first molar was the most mesially tipped, and opposite angulation compensation was observed in Class III cases. Third, in high-angle cases, the upper and lower first molars were the most distally tipped, and opposite angulation compensation was observed in low-angle cases. These data suggest that the angulation of the molars compensated for various growth patterns and malocclusion types. Hence, awareness of molar angulation compensation would help to adjust occlusal relationships, control anchorage and increase the chances of long-term stability.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Anatomic Landmarks ; pathology ; Cephalometry ; methods ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Dentition, Mixed ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion ; classification ; pathology ; Malocclusion, Angle Class I ; pathology ; Malocclusion, Angle Class II ; pathology ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III ; pathology ; Mandible ; pathology ; Maxilla ; pathology ; Maxillofacial Development ; physiology ; Middle Aged ; Molar ; pathology ; Palate ; pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the association of vertical facial skeletal types and sagittal facial skeletal types with anterior alveolar bone thickness.

METHODSAmong 168 cases with malocclusion in early permanent dentition stage, 93 patients were male and 75 patients were female. All patients (aged 10-14 years) were divided into 9 groups by different facial skeletal types, mandibular anterior alveolar bone thickness in patients' lateral cephalometric films were measured. ANOVA were performed to measurement results with the SPSS 13.0 statistical software.

RESULTSThough sagittal facial skeletal types were the same, there were significant differences between different vertical facial types groups. The order was low-angle group, average-angle group and high-angle group according to the size. A high-angle individual often had a thin anterior alveolar bone while a low-angle individual often had the opposite morphology character. There was no statistical significance between skeletal type I, II and III. But group of skeletal type III also had a thin alveolar bone thickness which had no significant difference with high-angle group. Low-angle group III had no significant difference with average-angle group I and II in alveolar bone thickness.

CONCLUSIONSagittal facial skeletal types have little influence on anterior alveolar morphology, but the vertical facial skeletal types have strong connection with anterior alveolar bone thickness.

Adult ; Cephalometry ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion ; Malocclusion, Angle Class II ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III ; Mandible