This study investigated factors affecting the subjective experience of oral symptoms among 2,285 elementary school students in the fourth and sixth grades using the Korean survey on the Health of Youth and Children in 2010. After conducting chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests, we performed multiple logistic regression analysis to determine the factors affecting children's experience of oral symptoms. We found that the factors most frequently associated with the subjective experience of more oral symptoms were lower tooth brushing frequency, greater intake of foods that cause dental caries, higher stress levels, and lower levels of support from friends. In conclusion, determinants of children's oral health, such as children's oral health behaviors and psychological factors must be considered in a multifaceted approach to developing programs to promote oral health among children.
Adolescent ; Child ; Dental Caries ; Friends ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Oral Health ; Psychology* ; Social Determinants of Health ; Tooth

Adult ; China ; Humans ; Male ; Marriage ; Men's Health ; Middle Aged ; Minority Groups ; Reproductive Medicine ; Rural Population ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status of oral health knowledge, attitude, behavior of 12-15 years old children and provide a theoretical basis of prevention. METHODS: Multi-stage stratified sampling method was used to extract four middle school students from Chongqing districts and counties (2 in the main urban area and 2 suburbs), and their oral health knowledge, attitudes and behaviors were investigated through questionnaires. All data were entered using Epidata and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 3 902 valid questionnaires were collected. The proportion of people who had good brushing habits was 39.7% (1 548), the average oral health knowledge accuracy rate was 58.9%, and the average oral health positive attitude was 88.6%. The number of middle school students who attended the dental experience was 54.5% (2 127), and that of the school who received oral health education was 17.5% (681). There were gender and regional differences in brushing habits. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge and behavior of oral health among 12-15-year-old middle school students in Chongqing need to be improved. Oral health education for middle school students should be strengthened, especially in rural and suburban areas.
Adolescent ; Attitude to Health ; Child ; Health Behavior ; Health Education, Dental ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Oral Health ; Rural Population ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Toothbrushing

Today most developed countries provide modern medical care for most of the population. The rural area is the more neglected area in the medical and health field. In public health, the philosophy is that medical care for in maintenance of health is a basic right of man; it should not be discriminated against racial, environmental or financial situations. The deficiency of the medical care system, cultural bias, economic development, and ignorance of the residents about health care brought about the shortage of medical personnel and facilities on the rural areas. Moreover, medical students and physicians have been taught less about rural health care than about urban health care. Medical care, therefore, is insufficient in terms of health care personnel and facilities in rural areas. Under such a situation, there is growing concern about the health problems among the rural population. the findings presented in this report are useful measures of the major health problems an even more important, as a guide to planning for improves medical care systems. It is hoped that findings from this study will be useful to those responsible for improving the delivery of health service for the rural population. Objectives: -to determine the health status of the residents in the rural area. -to assess the rural population's needs in terms of health and medial care. -to make recommendations concerning improvement in the delivery of health and medical care for the rural population. Procedures: For the sampling design, the ideal would be to sample according to the proportion of the composition age-groups. As the health problems would be different by group , the sample was divided into 10 different age-groups. If the sample were allocated by proportion of composition of each age group, some age groups would be too small to estimate the health problem. The sample size of each age-group population was 100 people/age-groups. Personal interviews were conducted by specially trained medical students. The interviews dealt at length with current health status, medical care problems, utilization of medical services, medical cost paid for medical care and attitudes toward health. In addition, more information was gained from the public health field, including environmental sanitation, maternal and child health, family planning, tuberculosis control, and dental health. The sample: Sample size was one fourth of total population: 1,438. The aged 10-14 years showed the largest number of 254 and the aged under one year was the smallest number of 81. Participation in examination. Examination sessions usually were held in the morning every Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday for 3 hours at each session at the Namchun Health station. In general, the rate of participation in medical examination was low especially in ages between 10-19 years old. The highest rate of participation among are groups was the under one year age-group by 100 percent. The lowest use rate as low as 3% of those in the age-groups 10-19 years who are attending junior and senior hgh school in Taegu city so the time was not convenient for them to receive examinations. Among the over 20 years old group, the rate of participation of female was higher than that of males. The results are as follows: A. Public health problems. Population: The number of pre-school age group who required child health was 724, among them infants numbered 96. Number of eligible women aged 15-44 years was 1,279, and women with husband who need maternal health numbered 700. The age-group of 65 years of older was 201 needed more health care and 65 of them had disabilities (table 2). Environmental sanitation: Seventy-nine percent of the residents relied upon well water as a primary source of drinking. More than 90% of latrines were unhygienic, in structure design and sanitation (Table 15). Maternal and child health: Maternal health. Average number of pregnancies of eligible women was 4 times. There was almost no pre-and post-natal care. Pregnancy wastage. Still births was 33 per 1,000 live births. Spontaneous abortion was 156 per 1,000 live births. Induced abortion was 137 per 1,000 live births. Delivery Condition. More than 90 percent of deliveries were conducted at home. Attendants at last delivery were laymen by 76% and delivery without attendants was 14%. The rate of difficult delivery counted for 3%. Maternal death rate estimate about 35 per 10,000 live births. Child health. Consultation rate for child health was almost non existent. In general, vaccination rate of children was low; vaccination rates for children but the rate of the complete three injections were as low as 5 and 3% respectively. The number of dead children was 280 per 1,000 living children. Infants death rate was 45 per 1,000 live births (Table 16). Family planning: Approval rate of married women for family planning was as high as 86%. The rate of experiences of contraception in the past was 51%. The current rate of contraception was 37%. Willingness to use contraception in the future was as high as 86% (Table 17). Tuberculosis control: Number of registration patients at the health center currently was 25. The number indicates one eight of estimate number of tuberculosis in the area. Number of discharged cases in the pat accounted for 79 which showed 50% of active cases when discharged time. Rate of complete treatment among reasons of discharge on the past as low as 28%. There needs to be a follow up observation of the discharged cases (Table 18). Dental Problems: More than 50% of the total population have lest one or more dental problems. (Table 19) B. Medical care Problems. Incidence rate: 1. In one month. Incidence rate of medical care problems during one month was 19.6% percent. Among these health problems which required rest at home were 11.8 percent. The estimated number of patients in the total population is 1,206. The health problems reported most frequently in interviews during one month are: GI trouble, respiratory disease, neuralgia, skin disease, and communicable disease-n the order. The rate of health problems by age groups was highest in the 1-4 age group and in the 60 years of over age group, the lowest rate was the 10-14 year age group. In general, 0-29 year age group except the 1-4 year age group was low incidence rate. After 30 years old th rate of health problems increases gradually with aging. Eighty-three percent of health problems that occurred during one month were solved by primary medical care procedures. Seventeen percent of health problems needed secondary care. Days rested at those because of illness during one month were 1.7days per interviewee and 8days per patient and it accounts for 2,161 days for the total productive population in the area. (Table 20) 2. In a year. The incidence rate of medical care problems during a year was 7.8%, among them health problems which required rest at those was 37 percent. Estimated number of patients in the total population during a year was 4,600. The health problems that occurred most frequently among the interviewees during a year were: Cold (30%), GI trouble (18), respiratory disease (11), anemia (10) ,diarrhea (10), neuralgia (10), parasite disease (9), ENT (7), skin (7), headache (7), trauma (4), communicable disease (3), and circulatory disease (3)-in that order. The rate of health problems by age groups was highest in the infants group, thereafter the rate decreased gradually until the age group which showed the lowest, and then the rate increased gradually with aging. Eighty-seven percent of health problems during a year were 16 days per interviewee and 4 days per patient and it accounted for 57,335 days lost among productive age group in the area (Table 21). Among those given medical examination, the conditions observed most frequency were respiratory disease, GI trouble, parasite disease, neuralgia, skin disease, trauma, tuberculosis, anemia, chronic obstructive lung disease, eye disorders-in that order (Table 22). The main health problems required secondary medical care are as follows:(previous page). Utilization of medical care (treatment) by various medical for all health problems during one month was 73 percent. The rate of receiving of medical care of those who have health problems which required rest at home was 82% while the rate of those who have health problems which did not required rest was 61percent (Table 23). The rate of receiving of medical care for all health problems during a year was 67 percent. The rate of receiving of medical care of those who have health problems which required rest at home was 82 percent while the rate of those who have health problems which did not required rest was as low as 53 percent (Table 24). Types of medical facilitated used were as follows: Hospital and clinics: 32-35%. Herb clinics: 9-10%. Drugstore: 53-58%. Hospitalization. Rate of hospitalization was 1.7% and the estimate number of hospitalization among the total population during a year will be 107 persons (Table 25). Medical cost: Average medical cost per person during one month and a year were 171 and 2,800 won respectively. Average medical cost per patient during one month and a year were 1,1109 and 3,740 won respectively. Average cost per household during a year was 15,800 won (Table 26, 27).Solution measures for health and medical care problems in rural area: A. Health problems which could be solved by paramedical workers such as nurses, midwives and aid nurses etc. are as follows: 1. Improvement of environmental sanitation. 2. MCH except medical care problems. 3. Family planning except surgical intervention. 4. Tuberculosis control except diagnosis and prescription. 5. Dental care except operational intervention. 6. Health education for residents for improvement of utilization of medical facilities and early diagnosis etc. b. Medical care problems. 1. Eighty-five percent of health problems could be solved by primary care procedures by general practitioners. 2. Fifteen percent of health problems need secondary medical procedures by a specialist. C. Medical cost. Considering the economic situation in rural area the amount of 2,062 won per residents during a year will be burdensome, so financial assistance is need government to solve health and medical care problems for rural people.
Abortion, Induced ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; Adult ; Aging ; Anemia ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Child ; Child Health ; Communicable Diseases ; Contraception ; Daegu ; Delivery of Health Care ; Dental Care ; Developed Countries ; Diagnosis ; Diarrhea ; Drinking ; Early Diagnosis ; Economic Development ; Family Characteristics ; Family Planning Services ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; General Practitioners ; Headache ; Health Education ; Health Services ; Hope ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Korea* ; Live Birth ; Male ; Maternal Death ; Maternal Health ; Midwifery ; Mortality ; Neuralgia ; Parasites ; Parturition ; Philosophy ; Pregnancy ; Prescriptions ; Primary Health Care ; Public Health ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Rural Health ; Rural Population ; Sample Size ; Sanitation ; Secondary Care ; Skin ; Skin Diseases ; Specialization ; Spouses ; Students, Medical ; Toilet Facilities ; Tuberculosis ; Urban Health ; Vaccination ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVES: With increasing concerns for the rapidly growing minority population in South Korea, this literature review addressed a range of mental health risks among multiethnic youths (MY) in South Korea by 1) comparing mental health outcomes with those of native-born youths and 2) identifying multiple layers of relevant environmental factors, from family and school relationships to culture. METHODS: We reviewed 54 studies that fulfilled specific inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Multiple common risk/protective factors, including family separation, family relationship quality, parental socioeconomic and mental health status, social relationships at school, and cultural acceptance, were noted. CONCLUSION: In general, empirical evidence indicates that minority youths have relatively heightened risks for emotional and behavioral problems. Future studies must elucidate the complex interplay between multiple risk and protective factors and the long-term adaptation and mental health service utilization of MY.
Adolescent ; Family Relations ; Humans ; Korea ; Mental Health Services ; Mental Health ; Minority Health ; Parents ; Population Groups ; Problem Behavior ; Protective Factors

The organized community is the one of the best system for the effective public health administration, and a model area was selected for the study to see what should be achieved when a certain small community is placed under the special public health control based on the family unit. The 178 families involved total of 875 populations. The rate of vaccination with B.C.G. among 191 infants and children could be increased upto 100.0% from 72.5% of the time whin the basic study was performed after 8 months period of this study; 99.0% from 47.1% with D.P.T.; 96.9% from 71.7% against smallpox; 83.2% from 69.1% against poliomyelitis; but only 25.7% from 21.5% against measles. The status of family planning was 36.8% among 155 women of possible conception at the time of the basic research. And, at the end of this study, the number of women utilizing one of the methods of contraception for family planning were increased upto 52.9% among the same number. The most frequently utilized method was 34.1% of oral pills followed by 30.5% of intrauterine device; but both of which had higher rate of interruption of use because of the complications, 14.3% and 16.0% respectively. The 10 pregnant women at the time of basic research experienced normal deliveries during the period of study and they had received pre- and postnatal health care through this health center. The status of oral hygiene, pulmonary tuberculosis control, and parasitological examination were also reported as wee as the cases with diseases seen among the population and vaccinations performed against other infectious diseases. The stress on discussion was placed upon the effectiveness of public health administration when it is undergone ton the individual family unit to achieve the best result. However, the shortness of both personnel and material resources were considered to be the one of the major difficulties retarding the generalization of the idea obtained through this study based on family unit public health administration.
Child ; Communicable Diseases ; Contraception ; Delivery of Health Care ; Family Planning Services ; Female ; Fertilization ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans ; Infant ; Intrauterine Devices ; Measles ; Oral Hygiene ; Poliomyelitis ; Pregnant Women ; Public Health Administration ; Public Health* ; Smallpox ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; Vaccination

A survey was conducted to study perception and attitudes of health workers towards health centers activities and organization of health services, from August 15 to September 30, 1994. The study population was 310 health workers engaged in seven urban health centers in Taegu City area. A questionnaire method was used to collect data and response rate was 81.3 percent or 252 respondents. The following are summaries of findings: Profiles of study population: Health workers were predomina1itly female(62.3%); had college education(60. 3%); 'and held medical and nursing positions(39.6%), technicians(30.6%) and. public health/administrativc positions(29.8%). Perceptions on health center's resources: Slightly more than a half(51.1%) of respondents expressed that physical facilities of the centers are inadequate; equipments needed are short(39.0%); human resource is inadequate(44.8%); and health budget allocated is insufficient(38.5%) to support the performance of health center's activities. Decentralization and health services: The majority revealed that the decentralization of government system would affect the future activities of health centers(51.9%) which may have to change. However, only one quarter of respondents(25.4%) seemed to view the decentralization positively as they expect that it would help perform health activities more effectively. The majority of the respondents(78.6%) insisted that the function and organization of the urban health centers should be changed. Target workload and job satisfaction: A large proportion (43.3%) of respondents felt that present target setting systems for various health activities are unrealistic in terms of community needs and health center's situation while only 11.1 percent responded it positively; the majority(57.5%) revealed that they need further training in professional fields to perform their job more effectively; more than one third(35.7%) expressed that they enjoy their professional autonomy in their job performance; and a considerable proportion (39.3%) said they are satisfied with their present work. Regarding the personnel management, more worker (47.3%) perceived it negatively than positive(11.5%) as most of workers seemed to think the personnel management practiced at the health centers is not fair or justly done. Health services rendered: Among health services rendered, health workers perceived the following services are most successfully delivered; they are, in order of importance, Th controi, curative services, and maternal and child health care. Such areas as health education, oral health, environmental sanitation, and integrated health services are needed to be strengthening. Regarding the community attitudes towards health workers, 41.3 percent of respondents think they are trusted by the community they serve. New areas of concern identified which must be included in future activities of health centers are, in order of priority, health care of elderly population, home health care, rehabilitation services, and such chronic diseases control programs as diabetes, hypertension, school health and mental health care. In conclusion, the study revealed that health workers seemed to have more negative perceptions and attitudes than positive ones towards organization and management of health services and activities performed by the .urban health centers where they are engaged. More specifically, the majority of health workers studied revealed to have the following areas of health center's organization and management inadequate or insufficient to support effective performance of their health activities: Namely, physical facilities and equipments required are inadequate; human and financial resources are insufficient; pefsonnel management is unsatisfactory; setting of service target system is unrealistic in terms of the community needs. However, respondents displayed a number of positive 'perceptions, particularly' to those areas as further training needs 'and implementation of decentralization of government system which will bring more autonomy of local government as they perceived these change would bring the necessary changes to future activities of the health center. They also displayed positive perceptions in their job autonomy and have job satisfactions.
Aged ; Budgets ; Child ; Child Health ; Chronic Disease ; Daegu ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Education ; Health Priorities ; Health Services ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Job Satisfaction ; Local Government ; Mental Health ; Nursing ; Oral Health ; Personnel Management ; Politics ; Professional Autonomy ; Rehabilitation ; Sanitation ; School Health Services ; Urban Health*

Female ; Humans ; Male ; Men's Health ; Mental Health ; Spouse Abuse ; prevention & control ; Spouses ; psychology ; Women's Health

Research on physical activity and health is actively being conducted. In the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was newly introduced in 2014. The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of physical activity and related factors in Koreans who were assessed through the GPAQ by dividing the physical activity by occupation, leisure, and transport domain. This study used data from the KNHANES (2014–2016), the study population of which included 17,357 participants aged 12 to 80 years. We compared the differences in physical activity by sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, and psychological health-related factors. Moreover, we also compared the mean metabolic equivalent of task and daily sitting time according to physical activity domain by sex and age group. Finally, we investigated the sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, and psychological health-related factors that significantly affect the average physical activity per week. The various factors were found to differ in the frequency of physical activity levels. In addition, there was a difference in the amount of physical activity per occupation, leisure, and transport domain in each age group. Finally, age, sex, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, arthritis, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis, sleeping time, and perceived health status significantly affected physical activity. The levels of physical activity significantly differed by sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, and psychological health-related factors. There was also a difference in the physical activity levels according to the age and sex per each domain of physical activity.
Arthritis ; Cholesterol ; Humans ; Korea ; Leisure Activities ; Lipoproteins ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Motor Activity ; Nutrition Surveys ; Occupations ; Physical Fitness ; Public Health ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Risk Factors ; Sinusitis ; Social Determinants of Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo describe the epidemiologic features of an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in urban and suburb areas in Beijing and to explore their differences between these two areas.

METHODSData of SARS cases were collected from daily notification of China Ministry of Health and a database of infectious diseases was established by the Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control (BCDC). All the data were put into dataset files by Microsoft Excel-2000 and analyzed with SPSS version 10.0 software.

RESULTSThe respective urban incidence and mortality rate were 29.06 and 2.21 per 100,000, while the case fatality rate was 7.62%. In contrast, the respective suburb incidence and mortality rate were 10.61 and 0.78 per 100,000, and the case fatality rate was 7.32%. No significant differences were found in demographic characteristics between the urban and suburb areas.

CONCLUSIONBeijing urban area suffered a more serious SARS epidemic than the suburb area in 2003.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Cities ; Female ; Health Occupations ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Suburban Population ; Urban Population