Scuba diving is a popular sports activity, even though it is associated with potential hazards. When a diver enters the water for an underwater expedition, he/she needs a series of diving gear, including a regulator, buoyancy compensator, diving suit, and weight belt, among others. Here, the author encountered a fatal diving accident wherein autopsy showed the evidence of death by drowning. The witness stated that the diver requested more weight to descend into the water, and the diver wore one more weight belt, totalling 26 kg. After a second trial of diving, he did not grab the regulator and disappeared into the water suddenly, and bubbles did not appear at the surface. Based on the witness statement and autopsy findings, the original cause of accident was concluded as an overweighted belt for descent into the water.
Autopsy ; Diving ; Drowning ; Expeditions ; Overweight ; Sports ; Water

Karoowia saxeti was recorded during the lichen field expedition in southern part of Korea in 2006. The lichen was found on the rock surface along coastal line. This species was easily recognized by chemistry (K+ yellow) and the presence of isidia. Thallus was saxicolous, subcrustose, more or less lobate at the center with clearly lobed margins, 2~6 cm broad and pale yellowish green. Thalli lobes were irregular, variable, up to 1.0mm wide, not branched, flat to more or less convex and contiguous to subimbricate. Upper surface of the thalli was continuous, emaculate, moderately isidiate. The isidia was subglobose to cynlindrical, darkening at the tips and unbranched. Low surface of the thalii was black with a spongy rhizoidal and lamellar layer. HPLC analysis proved the presence of stictic acid (K+ yellow), norstictic acid and usnic acid. This is the first record of the species in South Korea.
Chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Expeditions ; Korea* ; Lichens

The purpose of this study is to evaluate dietary quality of Korea Antarctic expedition by menu analysis. Basic menu pat-tern, intake of dish and dish group, DDS (dietary diversity score ), daily nutrients supply, and NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio )& MAR (mean adequacy ratio )were analyzed using 1 year menu list for the 10th Korea Antarctic expedition. Most frequently served basic menu patterns were [Rice +Soup +2 Side dish +Kimchi (53.5%)]and [Rice +Stew +2 Side dish +Kimchi (13.4%)]. In the analysis of dish group, excluding Rice and Kimchi,[Grilled foods ]and [Pan-fried foods ]were served more than 25% per month. Most frequently served dishes were "pan-fried rolled egg", "grilled sea-weed", "kimchi soup", "fruits cocktail, canned" and "salt-fermented squid". The kinds of served dishes were very res-trictive. The average score of DDS showed 2.88 for summer and 2.97 for winter. Dairy group was almost not served. Fruit & Vegetable groups were also served a little as canned product. The energy ratio of Carbohydrate : Fat : Protein was 56.5 : 23.9 : 19.2, and 56.9 : 24.5 : 18.3, for summer and winter, respectively. Both seasons had higher ratio of carbohydrate and lower ratio of fat compared to the recommended ratio (44 : 40 : 16 )in polar area. Ca : P ratio was very poor, 0.40 in both seasons. NAR scores of Ca, vitamin A, vitamin B 2 and vitamin C were also very low, ranged from 0.6 to 0.7. Consequently, a well-planned menu supplying adequate amount of dairy, fruit and vegetable is necessarily required including Ca, vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin B 2 and vitamin C intake, and some nutritionally well-educated members are urgently needed to join in the expedition.
Ascorbic Acid ; Expeditions* ; Fruit ; Korea* ; Riboflavin ; Seasons ; Vegetables ; Vitamin A ; Vitamin D

Adult ; Antarctic Regions ; Emergency Medical Services ; statistics & numerical data ; Expeditions ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Patient Care Team ; statistics & numerical data ; Patient-Centered Care ; statistics & numerical data ; Retrospective Studies