1.Attitudes toward, and Practice of Hand Washing by Student Nurses in Clinical Practice.
Il Sun KO ; Kyu Sook KANG ; In Ja SONG ; Jin Hee PARK ; Shin Young YOUK
Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamental Nursing 2002;9(2):165-179
PURPOSE: This descriptive study was done to evaluate the attitude and practice of hand-washing by student nurses. METHOD: The subjects of the study were 463 senior and junior undergraduate student nurses and RN-BSN students. The questionnaire was developed by the researchers. Data were collected from Oct. 16 to Dec. 20. 2001. and analysed by SPSS/WIN. General characteristics, attitude and practice were analyzed by frequency and percentage and differences in attitude and practice according to grade and practice setting were analyzed with x2 test, t-test or ANOVA. RESULT: 1) The mean frequency of hand- washing was 6.63. Senior students washed more frequently than junior students. 2) The reasons for non-compliance were 'not being accustomed', 'forgetting', and 'not accessible' 3) The mean time for hand- washing was 23.79 sec., less than the stated appropriate time of 42.18 sec. 4) 90% of the students washed their hands 'after contacting excretions and contaminated items' and few washed 'before giving care to the client'. 5) Most students washed hands rotationally rubbing with soap and water. 6) While washing, they removed their rings more often than their watches. 7) Soap bar (52.8%) and paper towel (69.6%) were most frequently used as decontaminating agent and drying method, but detergent solution (74.2%) and paper towels (60%) were considered as the most appropriate agent and method. 8) Hand-washing was perceived important generally 'to protect from cross-infection', 'to protect one-self' and 'the most cost effective'. 9) All students responded nurses should practice 'hand-washing,'.
Detergents
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Hand Disinfection*
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Hand*
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Humans
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Surveys and Questionnaires
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Soaps
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Students, Nursing
2.Development of Two Cases of Acute Colitis after Soap Enemas.
Yong Jin PARK ; Koon Hee HAN ; Young Don KIM ; Woo Jin JEONG ; Gil Hyun KANG ; Gab Jin CHEON
Korean Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2008;37(6):453-458
Acute diarrhea is caused by many situations such as infections, drugs, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, ischemia and toxins. In addition, enema induced-colitis also causes acute diarrhea. Damage to the colon has been reported after exposure to a number of rectally administered agents, the better known of which are soaps and detergents used as cleansing enemas. Soap enemas cause corrosive colitis due to the saponification reaction as well as toxic materials. We report two cases of acute colitis induced by soap enemas administered in preparation for cesarean sections.
Autoimmune Diseases
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Cesarean Section
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Colitis
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Colon
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Detergents
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Diarrhea
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Enema
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Female
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Ischemia
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Pregnancy
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Soaps
3.Studies on Side Effects of Various Soaps, Cosmetics and Topical Medicaments: I. Path Tests with Some Materials.
Korean Journal of Dermatology 1970;8(2):17-21
The routine closed patch tests were performe0 with 41 kinds of domestic soaps, detergents, cosm etics and topical medicaments (incIuding a adhesive plaster) on the intact skin of the back of 100 adult males without any dermatoses, to evaluate their side effects on the skin. 1, None of the materials showed no positive reaction, 2, The over all positive reactions were observed in 21.l% of my subjects, including a 1+reacti ons in,l6,4% and a 2+or 3, In 4.7% 3, In 12 kinds of soaps, Positive reaction wer observed in 19-33% positive of my subjects (average Z7.8%) 4, In 4 kinds of detergents, positive reations were observed in 6-19% of my subjects (average 9,7%), in which the highest reaction rate revealed was IVonderful of Dongsan fats and oils co.. 5. The positive reactiors in 3 kinds of toothpastes were observed in 37-61% of my subjects (average 50.7%). 6. The positive reactions to the adhesive plaster were observed in 25% of my subjects. Arnong 17 kinds of topial medicaments, positive reaction rates above 10 shown were Aroos oirtment of Sarn-A phaxmaceutical co. (49%), PM spirit of Kyungnam pharmaceutical co. (16%), Periio ointment of Namgang pharmaceutical co. (13%), Badional-Gel of Hanil pharm-aceutcal co. (10%) and Antiphlamine of Yuhan corporation (10%). 8. In 4 kinds of cosmetic creams, all showed higher positive reaction rates, i.e, "Masan Joongang cream of Yeinvonlang No I, 41%;No.2, 35%;N0.3, 32% and E.mong cream" of Daido phanna-ceutical co,44%.
Adhesives
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Adult
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Detergents
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Fats
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Gyeongsangnam-do
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Humans
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Male
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Oils
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Patch Tests
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Skin
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Skin Diseases
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Soaps*
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Toothpastes
4.The Irritancy of Hand Dishwashing Liquids on the Skin.
Kang Seok LEE ; Seong Jun SEO ; Myeung Nam KIM ; Chang Kwun HONG ; Byung In RO
Annals of Dermatology 1999;11(1):13-18
BACKGROUND: The regular use of soaps and synthetic detergents has been associated with skin dryness and aggravation of dermatological conditions. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to investigate the irritancy of 10 hand dishwashing liquids on normal skin. METHODS: The skin changes, responding to repeat patch testing with 10 hand dishwashing liquids, were measured by visual scoring. RESULTS: The results are summarized as follows; 1. Of the 16 healthy volunteers 8 had reactions. 5 women and 3 men, but there was no significant difference in irritancy between men and women. 2. The mean irritancy scores of the 10 hand dishwashing liquids ranged from 0.06 to 0.88. 3. A prominent increase in the degree of erythema in the first 24 hour patch test did not persist beyond exposure day 5, but after day 5, augmented responses of the erythema and scales, even fissuring occurred. 4. The pH of the test solutions of the hand dishwashing liquids ranged from 5.0 to 6.0, but there appeared to be no correlation between pH and irritancy in the dishwashing liquids tested. CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that regular exposure to hand dishwashing liquids may cause disturbances of the skin in a substantial proportion of individuals, and workers should use hand dishwashing liquids in lower concentrations than recommended and only for short periods with protective measures.
Detergents
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Erythema
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Female
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Hand*
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Healthy Volunteers
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Humans
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Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
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Male
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Patch Tests
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Skin*
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Soaps
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Weights and Measures
5.An Analysis of Chrome in Cements and Bleaching Detergents.
Korean Journal of Dermatology 1990;28(1):11-15
The chrome content of 8 Korean cements and 11 Korean bleaching detrgents was analyzed by the qualitative DPC method and the quantitative atomic absorption spectrophotometry and UV-visible spectrophotometry. In cements, there was no detectable chrome in 1 sample and the range of chrome content in other 7 samples was 1.32 5.29ppm. The qualitative result was welJ. correlated with the quantitative result. In bleaching detergents, there was no detectable chrome in 4 samples and the range of chrome content in other 7 samples was 0.0329 0.362ppm. However, the qualitative result was not correlated with the quantitative result.
Detergents*
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Spectrophotometry
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Spectrophotometry, Atomic
6.Determination of antifungal ability of denture cleansing agents to candida albicans.
Sang Sup CHUN ; Chae Heon CHUNG ; Zang Hee LEE
The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics 1993;31(1):28-38
No abstract available.
Candida albicans*
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Candida*
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Dentures*
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Detergents*
7.Quick-Drying Hand Disinfectants Reconsidered
Kaoru OHE ; Takao OZAKI ; Naoko NISHIMURA ; Kenichi MORISHITA ; Yukio KATO
Journal of the Japanese Association of Rural Medicine 2004;53(2):118-122
In August 2001 we began to use WELPAS (a benzalkonium chloride solution) as part of our cost-containment drive, replacing self-made glycerol-added ethanol, which had been used for a long time to prevent nosocomial infections. Since then, blackish stains have become particularly noticeable here and there on the floorboards of the passageways in the hospital wards. The newly adopted quick-drying hand disinfectant was suspected as the culprit. To find the real cause of the dirt, we built a hallway similar to the real passageway for experiment. The disinfectant agents used were WELPAS, WELLUP (chlorhexidine gluconate), HIBISOFT (chlorhexidine gluconate), medicinal ethanol, cationic detergent solution, HIBITANE solution (chlorhexidine hydrochioride) and glycerol solution. These agents and distilled water were dropped on a limited area of the floor respectively for comparison of the degrees of dirt. The cationic detergent solution and WELPAS containing cationic detergent left blackish stains that were hardest to remove. From this finding, it was inferred that the cationic detergent solution was responsible for the dirt on the floor. So we decided to switch to a quick-drying hand disinfectant which does not contain cationic detergents. After considering economic benefit, we chose WELLUP which contains medicinal alcohol plus chlorhexidine gluconate and put it into actual use in October 2003. Since then, the hospitall floors have become unmistakalbly clean.
Solutions
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Disinfectants
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Hand
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Detergents
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Desiccation
8.Acute Abdominal Pain after Ingestion of Bowel Cleansing Agent for Colonoscopy
Hwon KIM ; Jong Seol PARK ; Yong Sung KIM
The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research 2018;18(4):275-276
No abstract available.
Abdominal Pain
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Colonoscopy
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Detergents
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Eating
9.A STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND COLOR STABILITY OF MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHETIC SILICONE MATERIAL.
Chan Jin PARK ; Chang Whe KIM ; Yung Soo KIM
The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics 1997;35(2):330-343
Extraoral maxillofacial prostheses are essential for restoring facial structures that are lost as a result of congenital missing, injuries from accidents, surgical treatments of head and neck cancer. Recently, silicone is the most useful material for this purpose and is more advantageous than other maxillofacial prosthetic materials. However, there are some problems for long-term usage of silicone prostheses due to tear and color change. These are major contributing environmental factors to those problems that are such as ultraviolet light, cleansing agents, changes in humidity and successive adhesion and removal. The aim of this study is to evaluate the physical properties and color changes of maxillofacial prosthetic silicone material by those environmental factors using A - 2186 silicone material (Factor II, USA) and two pigments, cadmium yellow medium and cosmetic red. Aluminium molds were fabricated according to the ASTM No. D412 & D624 specifications and resulted specimens from molds were fabricated and treated as follows. Control group and experimental I group were fabricated with 0.1% wt. pigment mixing in silicone elastomer and II-1 group, II-2 group of experimental II group were fabricated with 0.2%, 0.3% wt. pigment mixing in silicone elastomer, respectively. Control group was kept in darkroom at room temperature, I-1 group was kept under natural sunlight during 1 week, I-2 group was soaked in 20% soap water during 1 wk. I-3 group was successively adhered and removed 200 times on inner region of arm using Daro adhesive-33. Experimental II groups were kept in darkroom at room temperature. Instron universal testing machine was used to measure the% elongation, tensile strength, tear strength of control, experimental I, II groups and reflectance spectrophotometer (COLOR EYE-3000, Macbeth, USA) was used to measure the color differences between control group and experimental I group. The results were as follows : 1. When compared with control group, natural weathering group and 20% soap-water soaking group had no significant differences in% elongation (p>0.05). 2. 200 times successive adhesion and removal group, 0,2% wt. pigment group and 0.3% wt. pigment group had significant decreases in% elongation (p<0.05). 3. Natural weathering group, 20% soap-water soaking group and 200 times successive adhesion and removal group had no significant differences in tensile strength (p>0.05) 4. 0.2% , 0.3% wt. pigment groups had significant decreases in tensile strength (p<0.05). 5. Values of all experimental groups were decreased in tear strength. and 200 times successive adhesion and removal group had significant decrease in tear strength (p<0.05). 6. Natural weathering group and 20% soap-water soaking group had significant color differences (deltaE) and it could be detectable to naked eye (p<0.05) 7. Color differences between control group and 200 times adhesion and removal group were not detectable to the naked eye (deltaE<1.0)
Arm
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Cadmium
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Detergents
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Fungi
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Head and Neck Neoplasms
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Humidity
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Maxillofacial Prosthesis
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Prostheses and Implants
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Silicone Elastomers
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Soaps
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Sunlight
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Tensile Strength
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Ultraviolet Rays
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Water
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Weather
10.Atopic dermatitis and skin barrier dysfunction.
Hyunjung KIM ; Jung U SHIN ; Kwang Hoon LEE
Allergy, Asthma & Respiratory Disease 2013;1(1):20-28
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic relapsing eczematous dermatosis, which usually starts in childhood, and various causes are intricately associated with the development of the disease. Recently, various abnormalities in barrier function have been identified as the cause of atopic dermatitis. Loss-of-function mutation of filaggrin, a significant constituent of skin barrier, has been revealed as a cause for atopic dermatitis, and factors like enhanced protease activity, and decreased synthesis of the lipid lamellae especially ceramides also plays an important role in barrier dysfunction. Not only these genetic causes but also environmental factors are associated in barrier dysfunction, such as soap or detergents which increases skin pH, or proteases of dust mites or cockroaches which enhances epidermal barrier breakdown. Lately, skin barrier dysfunction is also thought to play an important role in the early stage of other allergic diseases such as asthma. Therefore, comprehension of the function of skin barrier can provide help in understanding various allergic diseases.
Asthma
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Ceramides
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Cockroaches
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Comprehension
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Dermatitis, Atopic
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Detergents
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Dust
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Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
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Intermediate Filament Proteins
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Mites
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Peptide Hydrolases
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Skin
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Skin Diseases
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Soaps