To investigate the perception and consumption of imported and organic produce, a survey was conducted using a questionnaire in Seoul, Taejon and Cheongju from February to March in 1995. The responses of 350 housewives were analyzed. Most of the subjects (96.8%) know an increase of imported produce, and 86.3% thought that imported produce was not safe. Ninety-two percent of the subjects preferred domestic produce to imported produce. The reasons were for the support of domestic farming (36.7%), hazardous chemicals in imported produce (25.0%), good taste (24.1%) and high quality of domestic produce (13.1%). Seventy-eight percent of the subjects had purchased imported produce. The reasons for purchase were cheap price (67.7%), high quality (16.2%), and good taste (5.4%). Imported produce were purchased in the following order ; fruits such as banana, kiwi, orange and grapefruit, seasonings such as garlic and sesame, vegetables such as onion, braken and green onion, and beans and grains such as soybean, red bean, and barley. Most of the subjects (94.3%) had been informed on organic produce. Among these, 45.2% obtained the information by TV or radio. However, son for purchase was low residual chemicals (64.6%). The reasons against purchase were inconvenience of purchase (42.3%), high price (25.4%), and disbelief of low residual chemicals (19.7%). Therefore, domestic produce should be good in quality and taste, and be safe without residual chemicals in order to compete with imported produce with cheap price. Informations on organic and imported produce should be provided to consumers, and the distribution system of organic produce should be improved for consumers convenience.
Edible Grain ; Chungcheongbuk-do ; Citrus paradisi ; Citrus sinensis ; Daejeon ; Fabaceae ; Food, Organic* ; Fruit ; Garlic ; Hazardous Substances ; Hordeum ; Musa ; Onions ; Seasons ; Seoul ; Sesamum ; Soybeans ; Vegetables ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Erosion is a gradual process that occurs fairly quickly, and the full extent of the erosive effects of acidic beverages is not yet clear. The present study aimed to determine the differences in the erosive potentials among four naturally acidic fruit nectars within the same range of titratable acidity and to determine the influence of the components of organic acids on tooth erosion. METHODS: Diluted fruit nectars (mandarin 1:1.1, orange 1:1.7, lemon 1:15, grapefruit 1:20) with the same range of titratable acidity (7.9 ml) and their corresponding organic acids (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% citric acid, malic acid, and a citric and malic acid mixture [pH 2.8], respectively) were used. Specimens were placed in conical tubes with 50 ml of each of the test solutions for 1 hour. A microhardness test and scanning electron microscopy were used to measure enamel erosion. Acid separation was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography to analyze the composition of each test solution. RESULTS: Similar decreases in the Vickers hardness number (VHN) were observed among the groups treated with the following diluted fruit nectars: diluted mandarin nectar (75.9 ΔVHN), diluted lemon nectar (89.1 ΔVHN), diluted grapefruit nectar (91.7 ΔVHN), and diluted orange nectar (92.5 ΔVHN). No statistically significant differences were found in the enamel surface hardness after erosion (p>0.05). Citric and malic acids were the major organic acids in the test fruits. The lemon and orange groups had the highest malic acid concentrations, and the mandarin group had the lowest malic acid concentration. CONCLUSION: The titratable acidity and the citric and malic acid contents of the fruits could be crucial factors responsible for enamel erosion. Therefore, fruit-based drinks should be regarded as potentially erosive.
Beverages ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Citric Acid ; Citrus paradisi ; Citrus sinensis ; Dental Enamel ; Fruit ; Hardness ; In Vitro Techniques ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Plant Nectar ; Tooth Erosion

Lecanora muralis was found on the rock along coastal line during the field trip in Jeju island in 2006. Thallus crustose, placodioid, closely adnate, forming orbicular patches; upper surface grayish green, glossy; central lobes areolate, marginal parts plane, edges thin pruinose; lower surface ecorticate; apothecia sessile, lecanorine type, exciple dense and intact when young, and disc plane, but when mature, exciple laciniate, disc protrudent, yellowish brown to orange, 0.5~1.5 mm in diameter; ascospores ellipsoid, simple, colorless, 12.5~15.0 x 5.0~7.5 microm. Usnic acid and zeorin contained in thallus. This is the first record of this species in South Korea.
Citrus sinensis ; Korea*

BACKGROUND: In a circle system, gas that is to be reused is cleared of carbon dioxide by passing through a canister containing a chemical CO2 absorbent. In anesthesia textbooks the utilization time of carbon dioxide is nearly always specified to last about 5 hours. The soda lime used was noted to regenerate its efficiency for CO2 absorption after being exhausted. Two different types of soda lime (a ROK product and USA product) were analyzed in patients for their duration of carbon dioxide absorption from the anesthetic closed circle system and re-use time after being exhausted. METHODS: General inhalation anesthesia was performed using a PhysioFlex anesthesia machine. To determine the duration of carbon dioxide absorption by soda lime and the re-use time after being exhausted, twenty seven (ROK; 20 and USA; 7) and fifty (ROK; 22 and USA; 28) adult patients were studied. Duration of CO2 absorption was determined as the time for the inspired CO2 concentration to reach 0.5%. The color change of ethyl violet in soda lime was observed throughout the study. Duration of CO2 absorption was compared by unpaired t-test. Re-use time of each group was analysed by simple regression; p less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Duration of CO2 absorption was 2.67 +/- 2.12 hrs for the ROK product and 9.52 +/- 0.68 hrs of USA product, and they were different significantly (P < 0.05). Regression equations of ROK- and USA-products werey (min) = 5.761x + 45.701 (r2 = 0.0438, P = 0.3496, x means day after being exhausted) and y = 0.6x + 33.179 (r2 = 0.0158, P = 0.5233) respectively. A color change of ethyl violet in ROK soda lime was not observed throughout the chemical reaction. CONCLUSIONS: From the above results we suggest that ROK soda lime is not effective yet to use for CO2 absorption in clinical anesthesia. It is marked shorter than that of the USA soda lime. A color change of ethyl violet was not observed throughout the chemical absorption reaction in ROK soda lime. Re-use time of both soda limes were not related with the duration after being exhausted.
Absorption* ; Adult ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Inhalation ; Carbon Dioxide ; Citrus aurantiifolia ; Humans ; Viola

There are various factors affecting the fracture of NiTi rotary files. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of cross sectional area, pecking motion and pecking distance on the cyclic fatigue fracture of different NiTi files. Five different NiTi files-Profile(R)(Maillefer, Ballaigue, Switzerland), ProTaper(TM) (Maillefer, Ballaigue, Switzerland), K3(R) (SybronEndo, Orange, CA), Hero 642(R) (Micro-mega, Besancon, France), Hero Shaper(R)(Micro-mega, Besancon, France)-were used. Each file was embedded in temporary resin, sectioned horizontally and observed with scanning electron microscope. The ratio of cross-sectional area to the circumscribed circle was calculated. Special device was fabricated to simulate the cyclic fatigue fracture of NiTi file in the curved canal,. On this device, NiTi files were rotated (300rpm) with different pecking distances (3 mm or 6 mm and with different motions (static motion or dynamic pecking motion). Time until fracture occurs was measured. The results demonstrated that cross-sectional area didn't have any effect on the time of file fracture. Among the files, Profile(R) took the longest time to be fractured. Between the pecking motions, dynamic motion took the longer time to be fractured than static motion. There was no significant difference between the pecking distances with dynamic motion, however with static motion, the longer time was taken at 3mm distance. In this study, we could suggest that dynamic pecking motion would lengthen the time for NiTi file to be fractured from cyclic fatigue.
Citrus sinensis ; Fatigue* ; Fractures, Stress

OBJECTIVETo optimize the method of Fructus Auranti extracts preparation.

METHODThe extraction conditions and resin type were examined by using naringin as main indices. The sampling amount, the elution solvent and their flow rates were optimized. The recycling times and recovery capacity of resin were also studied.

RESULTThe best extraction could be obtained by adding 10 times amount of NaOH (pH 11) for 3 times, 1 hour each time. The purification conditions were specified as follows: using D101 macroporous resin, the sampling ratio of resin weight to raw material was 1:0.8 with a flow rate of 2 BV x h(-1) and 4 BV 50% aqueous ethanol as elusion solven.

CONCLUSIONBy using this method, the naringin in the product could reach above 30%. Besides, the optimum method is simple and practical.

Chemical Fractionation ; methods ; Citrus aurantiifolia ; chemistry ; Flavanones ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; isolation & purification

The authors performed clear lens extraction on 22 eye to treat severe high myopia more than 12 diopters(D). The changes in spherical equivalent (S. E.), visual acuity improvement, and the complications were evaluated during 6 months postoperatively. A scleral pocket incision and continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis was made and lens extraction was performed via phacoemulsification and low power poserior chamber intraocular lens was implanted. The postoperative refractive error target were form -1.5D to-2.0D. More than 85% of eyes were within +/-1D of targeted refractive error. The posoperative uncorrected visual acuities were increased more than 20/200 in all eyes and 20% of eyes were increased more than 20/40 at postoperative two months. The postoperative corrected visual acuities were increased two or more limes in more than 80% of eyes. Intraoperatively, hyphema in one eye, wound leaking in two eyes and radial tear during contimuous curvilinear capsulorhexis in one eye were developed. Poltoperatively, retinal detachment in two eyes, subretinal neovascularization in one eye and posterior capsular opacification in three eyes were developed. In conclusion, the clear lens extraction was a effective method for correction of severe high myopia but longer follow-up of large number of cases is needed to fully assess the safety.
Capsulorhexis ; Citrus aurantiifolia ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hyphema ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Myopia* ; Phacoemulsification ; Refractive Errors ; Retinal Detachment ; Visual Acuity ; Wounds and Injuries

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: It could be hypothesised that attachments, which provide more retention against vertical and horizontal dislodgement, will be associated with more favorable parameters of oral function. PURPOSE: This study was to provide data of initial retentive force and retention loss of different bar attachment systems recommended for use with maxillary implant overdentures. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 4 implants were placed in the anterior region of edentulous maxilla, five different systems of bar attachment were fabricated as follows: cantilevered Hader bar using clips (Type 1), Hader bar using clips without cantilever (Type 2), Hader bar using clip and ERA attachment orange male (Type 3), Hader bar using clip and ERA attachment white male (Type 4), and Bar using magnets (Type 5). Each samples were placed in the universal testing machine for determination of retentive forces(at initial and after every 200 cycles up to 1,000 cycles). Results and Conclusion 1. Attachment type 1 showed the biggest initial retentive force followed by type 3, type 2, type 4, and lastly type 5( p<0.001). 2. After 1,000 cycles of repeated removals of attachments, significant loss of retentive forces was taken place except for attachment type 5. 3. After 1,000 cycles of repeated removals, the loss of retentive force between type 1 and type 2, which used Hader bar and clip attachments, was greater in type 1 that had wider clip formation. And between type 3 and type 4, which used ERA attachments, the loss of retentive force was greater in type 4 that had white male attached (p<0.001). 4. After 1,000 cycles of repeated removals, attachment type 3 showed the biggest retentive force followed by type 2, type 4, type 1 and lastly type. 5. There was no significant difference between attachment type 3 and 4, and type 4 and 1(p<0.001).
Citrus sinensis ; Denture, Overlay* ; Humans ; Male ; Maxilla

Thin-layer (uni-dimensional and bi-dimensional) chrornatography studies were performed on 60 brownish stockings from 12 companies in Korea to search for Disperse Yellow 3 and Disperse Orange 3, which are known as common sensitizers in textiles. The results were as follows : 1) Mixture of various-colored dyes were being used to reveal the brownish hue in the stockings. 2) TLC demonstrated the presence of Disperse Yellow 3 in 53 stocking. 3) TLC demonstrated the presence of Disperse Orange 3 in 3 stockings, Although lack or more sophisticsted tests such as spectroseopic, infra red or nuclear spectra identification. These results suggest a strong clue to the presence of Disperse Yellow 3 and Disperse Orange 3 in the commercial stocking now being used in Korea.
Chromatography* ; Citrus sinensis* ; Coloring Agents ; Korea ; Textiles

This study is going to compare the degree of color change which occurs in the following two cases of the factors which cause the color change of extra-staining,one is during glazing by the dental technician,the other is tooth brush abrasion which makes the biggest influence on color change. To compare the degree of color change before and after glazing,a sample was made with vintage incisal porcelain No.59 OPAL(Shofu Inc,Japan),after that it was painted with three colors of porcelain stainers,then the degree of color was measured with a spectrophometer(Model Chromaview 300,Spectoron Tech Co.Korea)after it had been treated with firing only and glazing after firing. 40,000-cycle and 80,000-cycle of tooth brush abrasion test were carried out in order to simulate the brushing effect of 4 years and 8 years by using the abrasion tester.The colors were mesured before the test,and after the 40,000-cycle and 80,000-cycle operations and the surfaces were examined by SEM. The results of this study were as follows ; 1.The color change before and after glazing was not great enough to have a clinical significance but the orange color was changed more significantly statistically than the blue and light brown(P<0.05). 2.In the case of the color change of stained porcelain by tooth brushing,carrying out staining and glazing with two-times firings resulted in statically less color change than one firing only(P<0.05). 3.In the case of the difference in the stainer's color,the orange color which has higher chroma was statically more sensitive than the blue color(P<0.05). 4.In the case of the color change after the 80,000-cycle abrasion,all showed color change when there was one firing and the orange stainer showed some color change with clinical significance when firings were done two times.
Citrus sinensis ; Dental Porcelain* ; Fires ; Paint ; Tooth*