Ninety-six episodes of enteric fever due to Salmonella paratyphi A and Salmonella typhi were studied. Eighty-two per cent of cases were due to S. paratyphi A, 14 to S. typhi and 4 were mixed infections. There was no observer in-vitro resistance to chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole among the isolates. Clinical jaundice was observed in 19 per cent of cases and correlated with the frequent occurrence of abnormal elevation of serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and SGOT/SGPT. Blood cultures were most helpful in establishing the diagnosis while the Widals test was of limited usefulness and showed a low sensitivity as diagnostic tool. Defervescence was noted on 4.4 days with chloramphenicol, 4.4 days with co-trimoxazole, and 6.2 days with thiamphenicol. There were three treatment failures with chloramphenicol, one with co-trimoxazole, and two with thiamphenicol. There was no relapse observed with co-trimoxazole therapy compared to 4 relapses with chloramphenicol and 1 on thiamphenicol and another on ampicillin therapy. Complications were encountered in 23 patients including gastrointestinal hemorrhage in 19 cases, (4 of whom required transfusion), intestinal perforation, toxemia, and acute renal failure occurring in one patient each. Hemolytic crisis in one patient and agranulocytosis in another, presumed to be side effects of therapy, were observed. Four patients died; two because of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage, one due to progressive toxemia and another due to acute renal failure. (Summary)
Salmonella Paratyphi A, Salmonella Typhi, Chloramphenicol, Thiamphenicol

Typhoid fever remains endemic in the Philippines. Chloramphenicol remains the drug of choice but concerns on cost effectiveness have paved way to investigations on equally efficacious agents. The fluoroquinolones, specifically fleroxacin, shows promise in the treatment of typhoid fever In this clinical trial that compared efficacy and safety of chloramphenicol and fleroxacin in typhoid fever, fleroxacin was shown to be equally efficacious and safe. (Author)

Five established cases of salmonella infections (three cases of typhoid fever and two cases of paratyphoid fever), which were resistant to chloramphenicol and ampicillin therapy are presented. Amodiaquin hydrochloride (camoquin) was used as a therapeutic trial. The dosage given was three tablets (600 mg) initially followed by one tablet BID (400 mg) for five or six days. All cases revealed no history of malaria and showed negative smear for malarial parasites during the height of the chills. The result was successful in that all five cases showed a dramatic response within 24 hr after amodiaquin hydrochloride administration. The fever, abdominal complaints, and diarrhea improved. Follow up of these patients showed no recurrences. Investigation on the possible role of this agent in the management of typhoid and paratyphoid fever was deemed worthwhile
Salmonella, Amodiaquine, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol

We report a case of acute septic arthritis of the hip in a child due to H. influenzae with review of the problems encountered. A one year and 9 months-old male child was admitted because of fever, limping and restlessness of 48-hour duration. Under the impression of septic arthritis of the right hip, blind broad-spectrum antibiotic regimen was initially instituted. Fever subsided immediately and two blood cultures yielded no growth, as did joint tapping. But fever recurred on the 8th day of admission. MRI demonstrated fluid collection in the right hip. Arthrotomy yielded thin pus. The antibiotic regimen was shifted to vancomycin, according to the culture report of S. aureus. However, spiking fever continued. On the 4th week of admission, recheck MRI demonstrated fluid collection in and out of the hip joint. A second arthrotomy yielded frank pus. H. influenzae was reported in pus culture for the first time, being susceptive only to chloramphenicol. Fever was down to normal temperature after injection of urfamycin. Radiograph on the 17th day after the 2nd arthrotomy revealed posterior dislocation of the right hip. MRI demonstrated granulation tissue within the acetabulum. Open reduction confirmed granulation tissue without pus. This case suggests: 1. Routine blind antibiotic regimen for gram-positive and negative organisms in the initial phase of treatment may fail in the rare case of H. influenzae. This may lead the surgeon to miss the optimum time of surgical intervention despite early diagnosis, 2. Arthrotomy may fail if not followed by antibiotics sensitive to the pathogen. 3. Delayed pathologic dislocation may ensue due to invasion of granulation tissue.
Acetabulum ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Arthritis, Infectious ; Child* ; Chloramphenicol ; Dislocations ; Early Diagnosis ; Fever ; Granulation Tissue ; Hip Joint ; Hip* ; Humans ; Infant ; Influenza, Human ; Joints ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Suppuration ; Thiamphenicol ; Vancomycin

The study consist of 134 neonatal pneumonia who under 28 days born addmitted to The Neonatal department of National Institute of Peadiatrics from December 2001 to November 2002. The out comes showed that: Positive rate: 71.15%, negative rate: 29.85%. Common isolated bacteria were negative Gram. Ampicillin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol bactrim have resistance antibiotic. The recovered treatment result: 90.3%; mortality: 9.7% in which 61.2% are fully recovered without change other antibiotic. The average treatment duration by antibiotic:13.2%
Pneumonia ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Chloramphenicol

This study was aimed to assess the dissolution of 4 chloramphenicol capsule products of 4 Vietnamese pharmaceutical enterprises. The results showed that most of them have a very low drug release degree. The cause may be resulted from making capsule without making particles, too raw powder, using too much insoluble excipient, too high rate of insoluble excipient. The dissolution test should be considered an item of chloramphenicol capsule specification
Chloramphenicol ; Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic ; Capsules ; drugs

The results of a one-year study on 100 children ranging in age from infancy to 12 years treated with chloramphenicol for various microbial infections is reviewedOut of 100 children who received 20 to 40 mg./kg. body weight of chloramphenicol for from 5 days to two weeks, not one developed any hematologic side effectsChloramphenicol, a widely used antibiotic because of many indications in pediatric practice is safe to use for over a two-week period. (Summary and Conclusions)
Child, Infant, Drug Therapy, Chloramphenicol, Antibiotics

A total of 184 actual and suspected cases of Cholera El Tor were admitted during a 4-month period from August to November, 1969. There were 70 pediatric and 114 adult cases. The mortality rate is 7.1% for children and 1.7% for adults. Bacteriologically positive rectal swabs were obtained in 80%. This study shows that the use of antimicrobials, either trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid or chloramphenicol, significantly reduced the duration in days of positivity of rectal swabs.(Author)
Trimethoprin-sulfamethoxazole Combination, Nalidixic Acid, Chloramphenicol

Background/Objective: Haemophilus influenzae type b remains to be a significant etiology of invasive infections specially in children two months to five years old without Hib vaccination. This study was performed to compare the cure rates of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin-chloramphenicol combination and third generation cephalosporins as initial antibiotic treatments for documented invasive Hib infections. This study may assist in formulating recommendations on empiric antimicrobial therapy. Methods: Charts of patients with invasive Hib disease confirmed either by blood culture, CSF culture and/or latex agglutination test from January 1991 to August 2010 were reviewed. Cases were classified into four groups depending on the initial antibiotic given upon admission. The four groups were compared and analyzed in terms of cure rates. Results The disease occurred predominantly in children less than two years old. Males were more frequently affected than females. All subjects were not given Hib vaccination. Cure rates were significantly different between ampicillin (33%) and chloramphenicol (89%) groups (p=0.017), and between chloramphenicol (89%) and ampicillin-chloramphenicol (39%) groups (p=0.008). However, cure rates were not significantly different when third generation cephalosporin group (62%) was compared to the other treatment groups (p>0.05). Resistance of Hib was 31% to ampicillin, while <10% to chloramphenicol and third generation cephalosporins. Conclusion: Chloramphenicol is an excellent drug for empiric therapy in highly suspected or proven cases of invasive Hib disease.
Ampicillin ; Chloramphenicol ; Third Generation Cephalosporins ; Haemophilus influenzae

Seventy Escherichia coli isolates recovered from diseasedchickens diagnosed with colibacillosis in Henan Province,China, between 2004 and 2005 were characterized forantimicrobial susceptibility profiles via a broth doublingdilution method. Overall, the isolates displayed resistanceto trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (100%), oxytetracycline(100%), ampicillin (83%), enrofloxacin (83%), and ciprofloxacin(81%), respectively. Among the phenicols, resistance wasapproximately 79% and 29% for chloramphenicol andflorfenicol, respectively. Molecular detection revealed thatthe incidence rates of the floR, cmlA, cat1, cat2 and cat3were 29, 31, 16, 13, and 0%, respectively. Additionally,10% of the isolates were positive for both floR and cmlA.As these antimicrobial agents may potentially inducecross-resistance between animal and human bacterialpathogens, their prudent use in veterinary medicine ishighly recommended.
Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; *Chickens ; China/epidemiology ; Chloramphenicol/pharmacology ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli/*drug effects/growth & development ; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Thiamphenicol/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology