The purpose of this study was to identify the level of grief experience, family hardiness and family resource for management after bereavement of a family member. The subjects of this study were 100 family members who had lost a family member from cancer within the past two years. The data was analyzed using the SPSS program for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, and Pearson correlation. The results were as follows. 1. The mean score for the level of grief was 2.84 +/- 0.66. The mean score for the a family hardiness was 3.08 +/- 0.39. The mean score for the level of family resource management was 2.70 +/- 0.35. 2. The level of grief experience differed according to respondent's age was F=2.95, p=.02, and type of bereavement was t=2.01, p=.04. 3. The level of family hardiness was not significantly different according to respondent's and familial characteristics. 4. The level of family resource management differed according to monthly income of the family (F=3.98, p=.01). 5. There were negative correlations between grief experience and family hardiness (r= -.551, p<.001), grief experience and family resource for management (r=-.351, p<.001). Family hardiness was positively related with family resource for management (r=.709, p<.001). In conclusion, family hardiness and family resource management were identified as important variables that contributed to reduce the grief experience. Therefore, it is important to develop nursing intervention that enhances family hardiness and family resource for management for bereaved family.
Bereavement* ; Grief* ; Humans ; Nursing

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to identify the types of widow's bereavement experience and understand the nature of it's bereavement by using Q-methodological approach. METHODS: Contents Q sample included 46 statements obtained from literatures and interviews with 5 widows. P sample consisted of 13 widows who bereaved within 2 years. The data were collected from October 2004 to December 2006 and analyzed using Quanal program. RESULTS: Two types of widow's experience were found. Type 1 was characterized by loss suffering, and type 2 was characterized by acceptance and adaptation CONCLUSION: Widows were found to experience different types of bereavement. Therefore, bereavement care team should assess the types of suffering pain and provide appropriate care to the widows. Also, need to be developed programs to relieve or prevent suffering of bereavement.
Bereavement ; Hospice Care ; Stress, Psychological ; Widowhood

BACKGROUND: While complicated grief can lead to adverse health outcomes, social support has been shown to be an important protective factor of its negative effects. The present study investigated the relationship between social support including satisfaction with support, received support, and negative interactions and complicated grief in the transitional context from caregiving to bereavement. METHODS: Bereaved caregivers (n=221) who participated in a multi-site study of dementia caregiving were assessed for complicated grief. Social support measured before and after death were used to examine the longitudinal associations among social support and complicated grief. RESULTS: We found that caregivers reporting greater increase in satisfaction with social support were likely to experience lower levels of complicated grief, while the amount of received social support did not significantly impact complicated grief. Negative social interaction was significantly associated with the level of complicated grief after the death of the care recipient. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between social support and complicated grief suggests that satisfaction with social support may be associated with lower levels of complicated grief. Study findings point to the importance of the type of social support for reducing the level of complicated grief.
Bereavement ; Caregivers* ; Dementia* ; Grief* ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations

BACKGROUND: While complicated grief can lead to adverse health outcomes, social support has been shown to be an important protective factor of its negative effects. The present study investigated the relationship between social support including satisfaction with support, received support, and negative interactions and complicated grief in the transitional context from caregiving to bereavement. METHODS: Bereaved caregivers (n=221) who participated in a multi-site study of dementia caregiving were assessed for complicated grief. Social support measured before and after death were used to examine the longitudinal associations among social support and complicated grief. RESULTS: We found that caregivers reporting greater increase in satisfaction with social support were likely to experience lower levels of complicated grief, while the amount of received social support did not significantly impact complicated grief. Negative social interaction was significantly associated with the level of complicated grief after the death of the care recipient. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between social support and complicated grief suggests that satisfaction with social support may be associated with lower levels of complicated grief. Study findings point to the importance of the type of social support for reducing the level of complicated grief.
Bereavement ; Caregivers* ; Dementia* ; Grief* ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations

BACKGROUND: While complicated grief can lead to adverse health outcomes, social support has been shown to be an important protective factor of its negative effects. The present study investigated the relationship between social support including satisfaction with support, received support, and negative interactions and complicated grief in the transitional context from caregiving to bereavement. METHODS: Bereaved caregivers (n=221) who participated in a multi-site study of dementia caregiving were assessed for complicated grief. Social support measured before and after death were used to examine the longitudinal associations among social support and complicated grief. RESULTS: We found that caregivers reporting greater increase in satisfaction with social support were likely to experience lower levels of complicated grief, while the amount of received social support did not significantly impact complicated grief. Negative social interaction was significantly associated with the level of complicated grief after the death of the care recipient. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between social support and complicated grief suggests that satisfaction with social support may be associated with lower levels of complicated grief. Study findings point to the importance of the type of social support for reducing the level of complicated grief.
Bereavement ; Caregivers ; Dementia ; Grief ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations

This study was designed to develop a program for unemployed matriarchs and show if the program affected their view on the meaning in life. The subjects were women registered in an occupational training program for unemployed matriarchs, which is being practiced in the 'Working Women Center' located in Busan. The researchers selected 44 persons from the group who agreed to our program. This study was done from the 10th of March, 1999 to the 9th of October. The researchers used the measurement tools, The Purpose in Life, Self-esteem, Hope and Meaning in Life which was composed of 63 items developed by them. Their Cronbach's alpha were .88, .79, .76 and .95. The researchers analyzed the data with frequency, percentage, Mean, S.D, Wilcoxon signed ranks test which were deduced from SPSS 10.0 WIN program. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The program is composed of 'becoming intimate', 'open-minded', 'exploration on self', 'relax of repressed emotion', 'self- acceptance', 'establishing the life-goal', 'enrichment of human relationship' and closing. It took 20 hours for this program to come into practice. 2) According to the analysis of the general traits of all subjects, average age was 39.36. High school graduates were 86%, college graduates were 14% and divorce were 57%, bereavement were 18%, and the rest were 25%. 3) The result of 1st progam showed self-esteem during the program was high. 4) The result of 2nd progam showed self-esteem during the program was high. 5) The result of 3rd progam showed the sum scores of meaning in life, creative meaning, and attitudinal meaning during the program was high. 6) The result of 4th progam showed the sum scores of meaning in life and creative meaning during the program was high. On the viewpoint of above results, we convinced that 'a program for unemployed matriarch is effective to establish a stronger meaning in life. Therefore, it is demanded that support for unemployed matriarchs should not only be economic help such as technical training and help of living expenses, but also psychological, professional and systematic support.
Bereavement ; Busan ; Counseling* ; Divorce ; Education ; Female ; Hope ; Humans

BACKGROUND: Since the winter of 1997, Korea has been in an economic crisis. During this period family-the most important and basic social unit- faoed many problems. The purpose of this survey was to assess Korean family's functional status and emphasize family as a social support unit. METHODS: During April- May 1998 Nationwide Telephone survey was done. Sampling was done by Multi State Stratified Random Sampling technique. We questioned subjects on 5 categories of present family problems and used Modified Faces -III Questionnaire for the evaluation of family function. RESULTS: By 5 point scale, the impact of present ecanomic problems to the family showed the highest score(3.7). Other causes had a score range of 1.7-2.1. Economic impact was greater in 4th and 5th life cycle step, those with low income, and those in bereavement. Family type was divided in to 3 groups; extreme type 20%, mid-range 50%, and balanced 30%. Among extreme groups chaotic adoption and enmeshed cohesion type were the most common(10.8%). CONCLUSIONS: In the Korean family 1998, economic problem seems to be the most important impact factor and the proportion of extreme type family is high.
Bereavement ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Cycle Stages ; Telephone ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate variables and construct paths that affect complicated grief. METHODS: Participants in this cross-sectional, descriptive study were 164 bereaved spouses of cancer patients at least 12 months before the death. Data were collected from October 2016 to February 2017 using self-report structured questionnaires and were analyzed using IBM SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 20.0. RESULTS: The variables affecting complicated grief of bereaved spouses of cancer patients were the quality of end-of-life care (γ=.15, p < .001), preparedness for death (β=−.06, p=.005), and coping with bereavement (β=−.24, p < .001), whereas the quality of death and dying did not show any effects. Preparedness for death had multiple mediating effects in the relationship between the quality of end-of-life care and complicated grief (z=−2.20, p=.028), and in the relationship between the quality of end-of-life care and coping with bereavement (z=2.11, p=.035). Coping with bereavement had a mediating effect on the relationship between preparedness for death and complicated grief (z=−2.39, p=.017). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that preparedness for death and coping with bereavement play a prominent role in complicated grief. Therefore, it is important to help in preparing for death and enhancing coping with bereavement of spouses providing end-of-life care to cancer patients. In addition, investigating cultural differences in the relationship between the quality of end-of-life care and complicated grief is recommended.
Bereavement ; Grief ; Humans ; Negotiating ; Palliative Care ; Spouses ; Terminal Care

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing on the mental health in bereaved adults. METHODS: A descriptive and correlational study was conducted in 160 adults who had experienced bereavement. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses with SPSS 26.0. RESULTS: The participants' mental health showed a positive correlation with complicated grief (r=.31, p<.001) and a negative correlation with grief and meaning reconstruction (r=−.30, p<.001). Sex, sleeping time, intimacy with the deceased, grief reaction, and grief and meaning reconstruction were significant factors influencing on the mental health. The total explanatory power of these variables was 31.8%. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to explore the persistent and impairing grief after experiencing bereavement. Our study findings will be fundamental evidence to develop nursing interventions to improve adult mental health dealing with bereavement and grief.
Adult ; Bereavement ; Grief ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Mental Health ; Nursing

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of bereavement for main family members who had made and followed DNR decision for their family members. METHOD: This qualitative study was based on a grounded theory, and used in-depth interview techniques with the bereaved 10 main family members who had been treated and died under DNR order. RESULTS: The causal condition of the family member was 'Releasing', and the main consequent phenomenon were 'Blaming self and ruminating'. The contextual condition was 'The memory of the deceased'. The action/reaction strategy was 'Purifying'. The intervening condition was 'Supporting system', and the consequence was 'Acceptance'. The experience after bereavement of the family member on DNR decision were rational processes that purified themselves and healed the guilt feeling about the decision from reflective assessment and response about DNR decision. Based on this results, the substantive theory 'Reflective self healing' was derived. CONCLUSION: The main family members in following DNR decision are more likely to have unhealthy emotional condition than others in normal bereavement process. But they overcame the grief of bereavement through reflective self healing process.
Bereavement ; Grief ; Guilt ; Humans ; Memory ; Qualitative Research ; Resuscitation Orders