Antifungal Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Candidiasis ; complications ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; Child ; Echinocandins ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Hematologic Diseases ; complications ; Humans ; Lipopeptides ; Mycoses ; complications ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; Neoplasms ; complications ; Pediatrics ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Voriconazole ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use

Biopterin ; analogs & derivatives ; deficiency ; genetics ; Child ; Consensus ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Neonatal Screening ; Phenylalanine ; blood ; Phenylalanine Hydroxylase ; deficiency ; genetics ; Phenylketonurias ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Societies, Medical

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Hepatitis B ; prevention & control ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Humans ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Vaccination

Humans ; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute ; diagnosis ; therapy

Antigens, CD34 ; Cell Count ; methods ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans

China ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Consensus ; Humans

Humans ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Salivary Gland Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; radiotherapy ; surgery ; Salivary Glands ; surgery

China ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; diagnosis ; therapy

OBJECTIVEInterstitial lung disease in children represents a heterogeneous group of disorders of both known and unknown causes. This study aimed to understand better the causes of the disease in children and to provide information on the current approach to diagnosis and management of the disease.

METHODThrough the Pediatric Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease/Pediatric Interstitial Lung Disease Cooperative Group of China, data of 93 cases of interstitial lung disease of children from 11 hospitals were collected with the same questionnaire in 2009. Respiratory tract secretions were obtained for bacterial culture. Respiratory virus antigen examination, mycoplasma antibody, EB virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex viruses antibody detection were performed. Cells in the sputum, gastric juice and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were tested for hemosiderin. The CT or high resolution CT (HRCT) of the lung and blood-gas analysis were also performed. Fourteen cases underwent lung biopsy and 25 cases underwent bronchomicrocopy. Data were then pooled and discussed through a series of meetings.

RESULTFifty-three cases were male, 40 were female and their age ranged from 8 months to 14 years. Thirty-nine cases were diagnosed as bronchiolitis obliterans (BO); 39 as idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH); 7 as idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) of unknown causes, of whom 4 cases had non specific interstitial pneumonia, 1 case as acute interstitial pneumonia and 1 case as lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, 1 case as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; 2 cases as secondary interstitial lung disease, one was secondary to SLE, one to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; 2 cases had hypersensitive pneumonitis; 2 cases had pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; 1 case had bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia; 1 case had lipoid pneumonia;1 case of diffuse panbronchiolitis; 1 case of microlithiasis alveolaris pulmonum. Forty two cases had cough, 24 of them also had tachypnea, 8 cases had clubbing. HRCT showed that 56 cases had groundglass-like opacification; 30 cases had mosaic appearance; 1 case had diffuse micronodular opacities, 1 case had diffuse reticulonodular opacities and cysts.

CONCLUSIONInterstitial lung disease in children is a heterogeneous group of disorders. In this study diagnoses of 11 diseases were made, the top third diagnoses were BO, IPH and IIP, respectively.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Male