OBJECTIVE: To build the model of pharmaceutical industry space layout evaluation and explore the spatial layout of pharmaceutical industry. METHODS: Constructed the evaluation index system of the spatial distribution and designed the spatial layout model with the system cluster analysis method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Based on clustering analysis of 31 provinces, with the region and objective reality, according to the principle of similar level of development region, pharmaceutical industry spatial layout is divided into innovative research and technology area, manufacturing area, industry development hot spot area and other areas of four levels of industrial level.

Objective To research the affection and problem of Curriculum integration teaching method in eight-year term Medical Education.Methods Combination teaching and tradition teaching methods were employed in 100 students (Eight-year-term) and 127 students (Seven-year-term) respectively.A questionnaire survey and teaching effect were analyzed at last (employx2 analysis).Results Currculum integration is more acceptable(x2 =3.92,P ＜ 0.05),effective (x2 =11.07,P ＜0.01 ),systematic (x2 =11.82,P ＜ 0.01 ) and improve self-study ability better(x2 =8.51,P ＜ 0.01 ).But it's not helpful for the study enthusiasm(x2 =0.90,P ＞0.05).Conclusion Combination teaching method is more acceptable and effective than tradition method.However,the enthusiasm of study is not improved obviously.Combination Curriculum integration teaching method is a good one and worth popularizing.

OBJECTIVETo study possible correlation between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activities and myocardial injury after asphyxia in neonatal Wistar rats.

METHODSixty neonatal Wistar rats (7 to 10 days old) were randomly divided into four groups: control group (group D); asphyxia groups A, B and C (1 day, 7 days, 14 days after asphyxia), every group had 15 rats. In the asphyxia groups, animal model was produced by normobaric asphyxia. Groups A, B and C were sacrificed on days 1, 7 and 14 days after asphyxia, and group D rats were sacrificed on the 7 th day. Then the heart blood was taken to tested the serum cTnI. The myocardial MMPs-3 and 9 activity was measured by using immunohistochemical assay. Histological sections of the hearts were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and myocardial histopathological scores were determined under an optical microscope. The amount of myocardial collagen was measured by means of chloramines T.

RESULTScTnI was significantly higher in group A (0.3680 +/- 0.40 ng/ml) than group D (0.0783 +/- 0.06 ng/ml) (P < 0.05), and was lower in group B (0.1889 +/- 0.15 ng/ml) but still significantly different from that of group D (P < 0.05), and declined to the normal level in group C (0.1338 +/- 0.07 ng/ml), but the difference between groups C and D was not significant (P > 0.05). Myocardial tissue MMPs-3 activity was transiently high in group A (0.1847 +/- 0.04), higher in group B (0.2780 +/- 0.05) as compared to group D (0.1213 +/- 0.03) (P < 0.05 for all). The activity of MMPs-3 increased earlier than that of MMPs-9. The amount of myocardial collagen of group B (38.94 +/- 0.67) and C (40.69 +/- 0.75) was significantly greater than that of group D (P < 0.05). Myoardial tissue MMPs-3 and MMPs-9 positively correlated with myocardial histopathological scores (r = 0.669, 0.667, P < 0.05) and myocardial collagen (r = 0.482, 0.679, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSIn rats with asphyxia, there was an excess activation of myocardial MMPs-3 and MMPs-9 activities and secondary to which, the quantity of myocardial collagen increased. The injuries of myocardium may be closely associated with myocardial tissue MMPs. MMPs may be used to evaluate the severity of myocardial interstitial damage.

Animals ; Asphyxia ; metabolism ; pathology ; Collagen ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 ; metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; metabolism ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Troponin I ; blood

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical effects of Achillon for the treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture (AATR).

METHODSFrom April 2009 to April 2010, 19 patients with AATR who were treated with Achillon were retrospectively analyzed. There were 17 males and 2 females, with an average age of 40.2 years (30 to 58 years). There were 9 cases of sports injury, and 2 case of fall injury. The time from injury to surgery ranged from 0 to 8 days (2.2 days on average). The results of Thompson test and single heel rise test were positive in 19 cases. Clinical data were assessed with the patient satisfaction and the AOFAS hindfoot score during follow-up.

RESULTSAll the patients were followed up, and the duration ranged from 12 to 28 months (19.9 months on average). The average operation time was 41 minutes. There were no wound infections, recurrent rupture, or sural nerve complications. At the latest follow-up, 18 patients were totally satisfied with the surgical result, 1 patient feel generally due to mild pain when running. None of the patients were dissatisfied with the final results the latest follow-up. At the latest follow-up, the AOFAS score was 98.42 +/- 3.29 (89 to 100). All the patients regained normal range of motion and were able to resume their previous activities at six months after operation, with a high rate of satisfaction. Average decreased of mid-calf circumference was (0.82 +/- 0.85) cm (ranged from 0 to 3 cm).

CONCLUSIONTreatment with Achillon is safe, effective for AATR with low incidence of complications and early active rehabilitation can be carried out. It is a good method to treat AATR.

Achilles Tendon ; injuries ; surgery ; Acute Disease ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; instrumentation ; Retrospective Studies ; Rupture ; Suture Techniques ; instrumentation ; Tendon Injuries ; surgery

Based on the stakeholder theory,externalities theory and marginal utility theory,this paper analyzes the behavioral needs of stakeholders in the process of market access of innovative drugs.It also draws out the core of the government and the pharmaceutical enterprises in the policy of access to innovative drug market and supply to the community,the patients,and the medical institutions enter the mechanism of the interaction of the various stakeholders in the innovative drug market for the demand community and construct the above-mentioned stakeholder perspective Innovative Drug Market Access Policy Environment Model.Based on the status quo of China's innovative drug market access,the present study puts forward to encourage innovative drug market access to the interests of the main body,to optimize the existing innovative drug market access policy environment to make reference recommendations.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) to treat per-manent atrial fibrillation (AF) under the guidance of Carto-Merge technique.

METHODSFifteen male patients with permanent AF underwent RFCA under the guidance of Carto-Merge technique. The mean age was 54.00 +/- 10.44 years, and duration of AF was 23.66 +/- 14.93 months. Cardiac magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was performed to obtain pre-procedural three-dimensional (3D) images on the anatomy of left atrium (LA) and pulmonary veins (PVs) before RFCA procedure. Then the electroanatomical map was integrated with 3D images of MRA to form Carto-Merge map that guided step-by-step ablation strategy of permanent AF. Circumferential PV ablation was performed first until complete PVs electric isolation confirmed by Lasso catheter. If AF was not terminated, lesion lines on roof of LA, mitral isthmus, and tricuspid isthmus were produced.

RESULTSThe episodes of AF were terminated during RFCA in 2 patients, by direct current cardioversion in the remaining 13 patients. Transient AF occurred in 2 patients after ablation on 1st day and 1st week respectively, AF terminated spontaneously not long after taking metoprolol. One patient developed persistent atrial flutter (AFL) in 2 months after procedure and AFL was eliminated by the second ablation. Persistent AF recurred on 1st day, 1st and 5th week respectively in 3 patients, and did not terminate after 3 months even though amiodarone was given. The remaining 12 patients were all free of AF during 2-11 months of follow-up. The recent success rate for RFCA of permanent AF was 80%.

CONCLUSIONSCarto-Merge technique can effectively guide RFCA of permanent AF. When combined with single Lasso mapping, it can simplify the mapping, lower expenses, and enhance the success rate of RFCA of permanent AF.

Adult ; Atrial Fibrillation ; physiopathology ; radiotherapy ; Catheters, Indwelling ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radio Waves

OBJECTIVEHigh short-term successful rate was reported for catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF), we analyzed the long-term outcome (success rate, anticoagulation therapy and embolism event, anti-arrhythmic therapy and death post procedure) of catheter ablation for paroxysmal AF in this study.

METHODSFrom January 2000 to December 2004, 106 consecutive patients with drug-refractory paroxysmal AF underwent catheter ablation and were followed-up for (60.7 + or - 11.8) months. Segmental pulmonary vein isolation (SPVI) was routinely performed by radiofrequency energy under the guidance of circular mapping catheter. The patients were followed up with 24 h-holter, ECG, telephone or letter. Data on recurrence of AF, the anticoagulation medication and the incidence of embolism, anti-arrhythmic therapy were obtained.

RESULTSThere were 9 patients lost to follow up. In the remaining 97 patients [65 males, (54.8 + or - 11.2) years old], 3 cases died from cancer, sinus rhythm was maintained in 68 patients (Group S, 72.3%) and AF recurrence evidenced in 26 patients (Group R, 27.7%). In Group S, 56 patients (82.4%) discontinued anticoagulation medication, and 12 patients continued to take aspirin. There was no embolism event in Group S during follow-up. In Group R, 1 patient continued to take warfarin; 11 patients continued to take aspirin and 2 patients suffered from cerebral embolism. Anticoagulation medication was discontinued in 14 patients (53.8%) and 1 patient suffered form cerebral embolism. The incidence of embolism event in Group R is significantly higher than in Group S (P < 0.01). More patients discontinued anti-arrhythmic medication in Group S than in Group R (80.9% vs. 56.0%, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONCatheter ablation is associated with satisfactory long-term success rate, reduced anti-arrhythmia medication, improved quality of life in patients with paroxysmal AF.

Adult ; Aged ; Atrial Fibrillation ; therapy ; Catheter Ablation ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of power frequency magnetic field on the Ca2+ transport dynamics of isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.

METHODSThe assays of Ca2+ uptake time course and the Ca2+-ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were investigated by using dynamic mode of spectrometry with a Ca2+ dye; Ca2+ release channel activation was examined by 3H-ryanodine binding and Ca2+ release assays; membrane fluidity of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles was examined by fluorescence polarization, without or with exposure to the vesicles at a 0.4 mT, 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field.

RESULTS0.4 mT, 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field exposure caused about a 16% decline of the initial Ca2+ uptake rate from a (29.18 +/- 3.90) pmol.mg(-1).s(-1) to a (24.60 +/- 3.81) pmol.mg(-1).s(-1) and a 26% decline of the Ca2+-ATPase activity from (0.93 +/- 0.05) micromol.mg(-1).min(-1) to (0.69 +/- 0.07) micromol.mg(-1).min(-1) of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, whereas caused a 15% increase of the initial Ca2+ release rate from (4.83 +/- 0.82) pmol.mg(-1).s(-1) to (5.65 +/- 0.43) pmol.mg(-1).s(-1) and a 5% increase in 3H-ryanodine binding to the receptor from (1.10 +/- 0.12) pmol/mg to (1.16 +/- 0.13) pmol/mg, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe decline of Ca2+-ATPase activity and the increase of Ca2+ release channel activity should result in a down-regulation of Ca2+ dynamic uptake and an up-regulation of Ca2+ release induced by exposing the sarcoplasmic reticulum to a 0.4 mT, 50 Hz power frequency magnetic field.

Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Electromagnetic Fields ; Muscle, Skeletal ; metabolism ; Rabbits ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ; metabolism ; radiation effects

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effectiveness and advantages of the Carto merge technique in guiding radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of permanent atrial fibrillation (AF).

METHODSA total of 15 patients with permanent AF underwent RFCA under guidance of the Carto merge technique. The virtual electroanatomical map of the left atrium (LA) and pulmonary veins (PVs) were reconstructed with Carto system during the procedure. Then the electroanatomical map was integrated with 3-D images of cardiac magnetic resonance angiography to form Carto merge map. Circumferential pulmonary vein ablation was performed first until complete PVs electric isolation confirmed by lasso catheter. If AF was not terminated, lesion lines on roof of LA, mitral isthmus, and tricuspid isthmus were produced. Finally direct current (DC) cardioversion were given if sinus rhythm did not return.

RESULTSAF were terminated spontaneously during RFCA in 2 patients, and by DC cardioversion in the remaining 13 patients. Persistent AF recurred on 24 hours, first week, and 5th week, respectively in three patients. The remaining 12 patients were all free of AF during follow-up (1-10 months). The success rate was 80% in the study.

CONCLUSIONSCarto merge technique can effectively guide RFCA of permanent AF. When combined with single Lasso mapping, it can simplify the mapping and enhance the success rate of RFCA of permanent AF.

Atrial Fibrillation ; surgery ; Catheter Ablation ; methods ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo investigate the cyto-genotoxicity of cigarette smoke condensates (CSCs) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes with different assays in vitro.

METHODSHuman lymphocytes were exposed to particle matter of cigarette smoke combined with or without S9 mixtures at doses of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 microg/ml for 3 h. The cytotoxicity induced by CSCs was detected by CCK-8 assay. The DNA damage, DNA repair (repair time: 30, 60, 90, 120 and 240 min, respectively) and the somatic cell mutations induced by 75 microg/ml CSCs were measured by comet assay, hprt gene and TCR gene mutation tests, respectively.

RESULTSCCK-8 assay indicated that the cell viability decreased with CSCs doses. At the doses of 100, 125 microg/ml, the cell viability of CSCs +S9 group was significantly higher than that of CSCs -S9 group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). In comet assay, DNA damage significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner, as compared with controls (P < 0.01). Moreover, there was significant difference between -S9 group and +S9 group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The Mf-TCR at each dose group was significantly higher than that of controls (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The Mf-hprt at high-dose groups were significantly higher than that of controls (P < 0.01), and significant difference of Mf-TCR and Mf-hprt at high doses of CSCs between -S9 group and +S9 group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The DNA damage induced by CSCs +S9 or CSCs -S9 could be repaired, but DNA repair speed was different between -S9 group and +S9 group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONCSCs may induce cyto-genotoxicity in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro, but S9 mix could reduce the toxicity of CSCs and impact DNA repair speed.

Cells, Cultured ; Comet Assay ; DNA Damage ; drug effects ; DNA Repair ; drug effects ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; Male ; Mutation ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; adverse effects ; Young Adult