Probability of causation (PC) was used to facilitate the adjudication of compensation claims for cancers diagnosed following exposure to ionizing radiation. In this article, the excess cancer risk assessment models used for PC calculation are reviewed. Cancer risk transfer models between different populations, dependence of cancer risk on dose and dose rate, modification by epidemiological risk factors and application of PC are also discussed in brief.

Objective: To establish a female SPF BALB/c mouse model of antibiotic-associated intestinal microflora disturbance and analyze the effect of lactobacillus acidophilus.Methods: Female SPF BALB/c mice were treated with ceftriaxone in drinking water for five days,and followed by oral gavage of sodium chloride as natural recovery group or lactobacillus acidophilus(108CFU/mL) as therapeutic group.After seven days the intestinal microflora of the cecum content was abstracted and computed by plate counts and 16S rDNA-based PCR-DGGE method.Results: Plate counts indicated that the number of original bacterium lacticum and bacillus bifidus decreased significantly and enterococci proliferated abnormally after antibiotic treatment.After lactobacillus acidophilus treatment,the number of physiological bacteria and enterococci go back to normal levels.DGGE profile clearly indicated that the dominant bacteria changed and the bacterial diversity of intestinal microbiota was obviously decreased in the antibiotics treated group. Conclusion: Oral gavage of lactobacillus acidophilus has adjustment effect on Ceftriaxone induced intestinal microbiota disturbance.PCR-DGGE is a rapid、effective molecule method to reveal the whole microbiota status.

Objective To study the effects of propofol used alone and in combined with opioids in gastroscopy,in order to select the more suitable anesthesia protocol.Methods A total of 285 pa-tients undergoing gastroscopy were selected in April ,201 5 in our hospital,including 105 males,180 females,ranging from 18 to 65 years old,weighing 40-90 kg,falling the category of ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ. According to random number table,subjects were divided into four groups:dezocine group(group D, n =76),fentanyl group (group F,n =87),oxycodone group (group O,n = 71 )and control group (group C,n =5 1).Each group was implemented the corresponding anesthesia.SBP,DBP,HR,SpO 2 in baseline(T0 ),1(T1 ),3(T2 ),5(T3 )min after entering gastroscope were recorded.Choking cough, body movement,extra propofol,awakening time and inspecting time were observed.Results Among four groups,there was no statistical significance in age,gender,weight,blood pressure,heart rate and oxygen saturation and other general information.There were more cases given extra propofol in group C than in the other three groups (P <0.01 ).While for the experimental groups,there were more cases needing extra propofol in group O than in group D and group F (P < 0.01 ).The incidences of body movement and choking cough in group C were higher than those in the other three groups (P <0.01 ).Compared with the group C,dosage of propofol ,awakening time in the three groups,especially in group D,were much lower (P < 0.01 ).Conclusion Propofol in combination with opioids for sedation during painless gastroscopy can alleviate adverse reaction caused by propofol used alone.The more suitable anesthesia protocol is propofol with dezocine.

Objective To explore the main factors affecting medical expenses of patients with colorectal cancer(CRC)and reduce such expenses by optimizing the clinical pathway of CRC according to the influencing factors.Methods Data of 467 discharged and medical insured CRC patients at Shanghai Cancer Center,Fudan University,were collected from 2009 to 2010.A multiple linear regression model was applied to analyze the influencing factors of medical expenses.The clinical pathway of CRC was optimized,and medical expenses before and after optimization were compared.Results Our data found days of stay and complications had impact on the medical expenses.Also,medical expenses were decreased accordingly with optimization of clinical pathway of CRC.Conclusion This study provides evidence for decision-making on single disease payment and medical insurance compensation on CRC.It is also meaningful to reduce the economic burden of patients with CRC.

RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a newly-developed method in transcriptome research, it can afford more accurate transcription information and be more quickly by using Next-generation Sequencing (NGS) technology. RNA-Seq has been widely used in various biological fields. Genuine traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), with good quality and therapeutic effect, were always praised highly and used by famous physicians. The geo-herbalism formation of TCM is based on the product of the gene expression at specific space and time. So it has been a research hotspot to analyze the mechanism of biosynthesis through RNA-Seq in the study on the secondary metabolism of medicinal plant. This article mainly illustrates the RNA-Seq and its advantages, it also discusses the potential application in genuine TCM, and it can provide useful information for other researchers.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Gene Expression Profiling ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Plants, Medicinal ; genetics ; RNA ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Transcriptome

N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) capped quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized by a hydrothermal method and coated with 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose (DG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and 9-D-arginine (9R). The optical properties, morphology and structure of 9R/DG-coated CdTe QDs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, fluorescence spectrum, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transmission electron micrographs (TEM). Furthermore, the biocompatibility, tumor targeted ability and transmembrane action of 9R/DG-coated CdTe QDs were studied. Results indicated that 9R/DG-coated CdTe QDs was constructed successfully by ligand exchange. The 9R/DG-coated CdTe QDs with the size of 8-10 nm had good dispersity and the absorbance and fluorescence peaks of CdTe QDs after modification were red shifted from 480 nm to 510 nm and 627 nm to 659 nm, respectively. In addition, the CdTe QDs modified by PEG, DG and 9R displayed good biocompatibility, high targeted ability to the cancer cells with glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) receptor high expression and obvious transmembrane ability.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of hydrotalcite chewable tablets in treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia epigastric pain syndrome(EPS), and to investigate the onset time of hydrotalcite after the first dosage and whether use of hydrotalcite in EPS is a costeffective strategy. Methods A multicenter, randomized, open, positive controlled clinical trial was carried out in 240 patients with EPS. The subjects randomly received eigher hydrotalcite or omeprazole for 2 weeks. The improvemcnt and the disappear time of symptoms were evaluated before and after treatment and cost-effective was analyzed between two groups. Results It was demonstrated that both hydrotalcite and omeprazole could relief symptoms after treatment. After treatment for 2 weeks, the total effective rate was 85. 71% in hydrotalcite group and 90. 43% in omeprazole group with no significant difference (P＞0.05). The median onset time of hydrotalcite after first dosage was 0.417 h. The overall direct cost per patient was RMB ￥122. 29 for hydrotalcite treatment and RMB ￥242.95 for omeprazole treatment. The main adverse events included diarrhea, thirst, bloating,headache and belching. No severe adverse event was found in two groups. Conclusions Hydrotalcite has fast effect on relief of EPS symptoms. Use of hydrotalcite is a cost-effective strategy in the management of EPS. It is a safe and effective medicine in treatment of EPS.

0.05).2.There were significant differences in the levels of TNF-? after treated for 4 weeks(P0.05).4.There were no significances between the 2 groups before and after treated 6 weeks in the change of liver.Conclusions Matrine injection can inhibit HCMV DNA replication.It can also control the expression of TNF-? and regulate the function of the immune system.There fore matrine injection has an antivirus efficacy in HCMV infection.

Objective To investigate the influence of thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) with two different dosages on the expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in rats with renal tubular interstitial fibrosis,and to further estimate the changes of renal tubular interstitial lesions.Methods Rat models of renal tubular interstitial fibrosis were established by unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO).The male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and 15 rats in each group:sham group,model group,treatment group with 1 mg/L Tβ4 and treatment group with 5 mg/L T34.Rats in sham group and model group were poured into the same amount of saline.The renal function and renal pathological changes were observed after the second week.The mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β and CTGF in renal tissues was tested by in-situ hybridization and Western blotting.Results Compared with that in sham group,the expression of TGF-β mRNA and its protein,CTGF mRNA and its protein was significantly higher in model group (all P ＜ 0.01).Compared with rats of model group,Tβ4 treatment rats had lower mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β and CTGF (all P ＜ 0.01),and the expression in treatment group with 5 mg/L Tβ4 was lower than that in treatment group with 1 mg/L Tβ4 (P ＜ 0.05).And the expression of TGF-β mRNA was positively correlated with CTGF mRNA expression (r=0.697,P ＜ 0.01).The 24 h total urinary protein and the area of renal tubular interstitial lesion in model group were significantly more than those in sham group,and also more than those in Tβ4 treatment group (all P ＜ 0.05).Tβ4 treatment attenuated kidney damage,and the effects in treatment group with 5 mg/L Tβ4 were better than those in treatment group with 1 mg/L Tβ4.No difference in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen was observed among 4 groups (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Tβ4 treatment can inhibit the renal TGF-β and CTGF expression of rats with tubular interstitial fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner,and play a protective role in kidney.

To explore the protective effects of trimetazidine on vascular endothelial cells injury induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its pharmacological mechanisms of anti-oxidation.Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were injured by H2O2.Next,the cells were treated with three different concentrations of trimetazidine (1 μmol/L,10 μmol/L,100μmol/L,respectively).The viability of cells was detected by methyl thiazoeyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay.In addition,malondialdehyde (MDA)contents,superoxide dismutase (SOD) and secretion of NO were measured.Results Trimetazidine could enhance the viability of the injured HUVECs induced by oxidation,decrease the level of MDA,enhance the SOD activity,and increase the secretion of nitrogen monoxide.These effects were in a certain dose-dependent manner and the difference was significant among the three concentrations (P＜0.05).Conclusions Our results suggest that trimctazidine may protect lipid peroxidation and prevent oxidation-induced cellular dysfunction of HUVECs (J Geriatr Cardiol 2008;5:248-251)