se—Met. In the experimental range of concentration, the activities of GSH—px were higher than that of control.

It is always an important academic and policy issue to understand the impact of hospital distance on Chinese inpatient service demand in rural areas. It employs household survey data collected from 97 villages in Shandong in 2006 and 2008, and investigates the influences of hospital distance on the demand of famars in rural areas. The discrete choice model is constructed to estimate the inpatient service demand function for patients in rural areas. The empirical analysis finds that the hospital distance is significantly affecting Chinese inpatient service demand in the rural areas. The longer the distance increases, the lower the visiting rate drops. In addition, the impact changes with the changes of hospital level; the lower the primary hospital is, the higher the impact would be. It paper provides new evidence for the understanding of the geographical characteristics of medical health care.

Objective To investigate the optimum concentration and dose of ropivacaine for caudal block in the neonates undergoing laparotomy under general anesthesia.Methods One hundred pediatric patients of both sexes,aged 9-30 days,weighing 2.5-4.5 kg,scheduled for elective pyloromyotomy,were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =20 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),0.10％ ropivacaine 1.0 ml/kg group (group 0.1％ L1),0.15 ％ ropivacaine 1.0 ml/kg group (group 0.15 ％ L1),0.10 ％ ropivacaine 1.2 ml/kg group (group 0.10 ％ L2),and 0.15 ％ ropivacaine 1.2 ml/kg group (group 0.15 ％ L2).Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane and cisatracurium.The pediatric patients were tracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated.Remifentanil was infused intravenously at 0.2-0.3 μg· kg-1 · min-1 in group C.In 0.10 ％ L1,0.15 ％ L1,0.10 ％ L2 and 0.15％L2 groups,the corresponding concentrations and doses of ropivacaine were injected into the sacral canal under the guidance of ultrasound.The operation was started at 15 min after administration and sevoflurane was inhaled and the end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane was maintained at 0.8-1.0 MAC.Before induction (T1),at pyloric muscle retraction (T2),and at 4,8,12 and 24 h after operation (T3-6),blood samples were collected from the central vein for determination of plasma concentrations of cortisol and interleukin-6 (IL-6).Pain was assessed using CRIES score at T3-6.When CRIES scores ＞ 3,10％ chloral hydrate 0.5 ml/kg was given by retention enema for analgesia,and the requirement for chloral hydrate was recorded.The emergence time,extubation time,duration of stay in post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) and hospital discharge time were recorded.Bradycardia and hypotension during operation,and development of motor block of lower extremities,infection and dehiscence of incision,vomiting,and urinary retention after operation were also recorded.Results Compared with group C,no significant changes were found in the emergence time,extubation time,duration of stay in PACU,hospital discharge time,plasma concentrations of cortisol and IL-6,the requirement for chloral hydrate,and the incidence of bradycardia,hypotension,motor block of lower extremities,and infection and dehiscence of incision in 0.10％ L1 and 0.15 ％ L1 groups,the emergence time,extubation time,duration of stay in PACU,hospital discharge time were significantly shortened,and the plasma concentrations of cortisol and IL-6,requirement for chloral hydrate,and the incidence of hypotension and infection of incision were decreased in 0.10％ L2 and 0.15％ L2 groups,and the incidence of vomiting and urinary retention was increased in 0.15％ L1 and 0.15％ L2 groups.Compared with group 0.10％ L2,the incidence of vomiting and urinary retention was significantly decreased,and no significant changes were found in the other parameters mentioned above in 0.15％ L2 group.Conclusion The optimum concentration and dose of ropivacaine are 0.10％ and 1.2 ml/kg,respectively,for caudal block in the neonates undergoing laparotomy under general anesthesia.

Objective To investigate the related factors of early angina after acute myocardial infarction,and to provide basis for the disease prevention and control.Methods 1 32 cases with acute myocardial infarction were selected.The clinical data were collected.The occurrence rate of early angina pectoris after acute myocardial infarc-tion,and clinical characteristics were analyzed.The related factors of acute myocardial infarction angina were explored.Results The incidence rate of early angina pectoris after acute myocardial infarction was 29.55%.Within 7 days after acute myocardial infarction occurred angina,the highest rate for 64.1 0%,followed by 7 -1 4 days in the occurrence of angina pectoris,28.21 %.34 cases were the original location of myocardial infarction ischemia and 5 cases were the far part of ischemia,21 cases showed ST segment elevation,1 8 cases showed ST lack blood group downward.Anterior wall,inferior wall infarction composite,successful thrombolytic therapy recanalization,myocardial infarction before episodes of angina pectoris,history of hypertension,heart function classification more than or equal to grade III in patients with acute myocardial infarction occurred after the proportion of early angina pectoris were signifi-cantly higher (all P <0.05).Conclusion Anterior wall,inferior wall infarction composite,successful thrombolytic therapy recanalization,myocardial infarction before episodes of angina pectoris,history of hypertension and cardiac functional grading more than or equal to grade III are related to early angina pectoris after acute myocardial infarction. We should actively take measures aimed at early prevention and treatment of early angina pectoris after acute myocar-dial infarction to avoid illness aggravating,improve the patients'prognosis.

Objective To investigate the construction of compound membrane with corneal stromal cells and collagen-chitosan by tissue engineering technique and its biocompatibility.Methods Rabbit and human corneal stromal cells were separated and seeded into collagen-chitosan membrane.The compound membrane was transplanted into rabbit corneal stroma.Then the growth condition of keratocytes,the effect on normal keratocytes and degradation of compound membrane were detected by corneal confocal microscope,anterior OCT and histological and immunohistochemical methods ex vivo 1,2,4 weeks after grafting.Results The rabbit and human corneal stromal cells grown well in collagen-chitosan scaffold.The compound membrane degradated gradually after grafting.There was no necrosis and dissolvation.Corneal epithelium,stroma and endothelial cells were all normal.Conclusion Collagen-chitosan can be used as a biological scaffold for construction of corneal stroma.Corneal confocal microscopy and anterior OCT are new methods to observe the biological activity of constructed corneal stroma.

Heavy-ions have the similar characteristic of depth-dose distribution with protons, but exhibit enhanced physical and radiobiological benefits. With increasing development in technical and clinical research, more facilities are being installed in the world. At the same time, many critical techniques of heavy-ion therapy facility were optimized and completed. This paper classified and reviewed the basic structure of heavy-ion system equipments, especially the accelerator, gantry, nozzle , TPS.
Cancer Care Facilities ; Heavy Ion Radiotherapy ; instrumentation ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; therapy

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin ; diagnosis ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; diagnosis ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic ; diagnosis

Objective To investigate the role of NMDA receptors in central medial thalamus (CMT) in the unconscious?ness induced by general anesthesia. Methods A total of 60 rat models for microinfusion were assigned into 4 groups (n=15 for each group). After induction with propofol, 10 mmol/L (NMDA10 group), 20 mmol/L (NMDA 20 group) and 40 mmol/L (NMDA40 group) of NMDA and normal saline (group C) with equal volume were microinfused into CMT. The incidence of purposeful movement and recovery time of righting reflex were observed in each group respectively. Infusion sites were local?ized by histological method. Results When the microinfusion site localized within CMT, comparing with group C, the recov?ery time of righting reflex reduced notably in three NMDA groups (P<0.05). The recovery time was significantly shorter in NMDA20 group and NMDA40 group than that of NMDA10 group. The incidence of purposeful movement during propofol an?esthesia was higher in NMDA20 group and NMDA40 group than that of group C (P<0.05). When the microinfusion site lo?calized out of CMT, the recovery time of righting reflex was remarkably longer than that within CMT in three NMDA groups (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the incidence of purposeful movement and recovery time between four group (P>0.05). Conclusion Microinfusion of NMDA agonist into CMT reverses propofol anesthesia, indicating that NMDA receptor in CMT may contribute to the propofol-induced unconsciousness.

Purpose To investigate the imaging features of lumbar spinal epidural angiolipoma, and to improve the imaging diagnostic capability of the disease. Materials and Methods Four patients with lumbar spinal epidural angiolipoma confirmed by pathology were recruited in the study. CT and MRI images were reviewed and the imaging characteristics including the shape, size, location, density, and signal intensity were analyzed. Results The lesions located at the right front of the spinal canal in two cases, at the left front in one case, and the residual one case located directly behind the spinal canal. The longitudinal axis of the lesions paralleled to the longitudinal axis of the spine. The dura mater spinalis was compressed and inward shifted. All of the four cases showed homogeneous iso- or hypo-density on CT without calcification or necrosis in the lesions. The maximum diameter was 3 to 5 cm. The boundary was clear and smooth. Three lesions showed dumbbell-shaped and crossed foramen, but the adjacent bone were not absorbed or destructed. One lesion showed scallop-like. On MRI, four cases displayed slightly hypointense on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI. On STIR images, the lesions showed hyperintense with patchy low signal intensity in it. The boundary of the lesions was clear. After administration of contrast media, two lesions presented remarkably homogeneous enhancement, one lesion showed dual tail sign, and one lesion displayed pen-tip-like at the both ends. Conclusion MRI plays an important role in locating the lesion and distinguishing internal tissue components of spinal angiolipoma, which is the gold standard for the diagnosis of the tumor. CT provides excellent supplement. The Combination of CT and MRI will improve the diagnostic accuracy of the spinal angiolipoma.

Studies have shown that co-infection of influenza viruses with bacteria is an important cause of high mortality during the epidemic of influenza.There are at least 12 species of bacteria that have been reported to be able to co-infect with influenza.Among those species,co-infection with Staphylococcus aureus is not only the most common but also the most lethal.However,the pathogenesis of high mortality from co-infection with influenza virus/S.aureus remains elusive.In addition,co-infection of influenza virus/S.aureus can induce severe pneumonia.There is new evidence that influenza virus can reduce the host′s tolerance to pathogenic or inflammatory injury,and the two pathogens can also synergistically aggravate toxic effects on the host.Here,we review the mechanisms of severe mortality of influenza infection associated with S.aureus co-infections in order to contribute to prevention and control of influenza in the future.