It is always an important academic and policy issue to understand the impact of hospital distance on Chinese inpatient service demand in rural areas. It employs household survey data collected from 97 villages in Shandong in 2006 and 2008, and investigates the influences of hospital distance on the demand of famars in rural areas. The discrete choice model is constructed to estimate the inpatient service demand function for patients in rural areas. The empirical analysis finds that the hospital distance is significantly affecting Chinese inpatient service demand in the rural areas. The longer the distance increases, the lower the visiting rate drops. In addition, the impact changes with the changes of hospital level; the lower the primary hospital is, the higher the impact would be. It paper provides new evidence for the understanding of the geographical characteristics of medical health care.

Objective To investigate the related factors of early angina after acute myocardial infarction,and to provide basis for the disease prevention and control.Methods 1 32 cases with acute myocardial infarction were selected.The clinical data were collected.The occurrence rate of early angina pectoris after acute myocardial infarc-tion,and clinical characteristics were analyzed.The related factors of acute myocardial infarction angina were explored.Results The incidence rate of early angina pectoris after acute myocardial infarction was 29.55%.Within 7 days after acute myocardial infarction occurred angina,the highest rate for 64.1 0%,followed by 7 -1 4 days in the occurrence of angina pectoris,28.21 %.34 cases were the original location of myocardial infarction ischemia and 5 cases were the far part of ischemia,21 cases showed ST segment elevation,1 8 cases showed ST lack blood group downward.Anterior wall,inferior wall infarction composite,successful thrombolytic therapy recanalization,myocardial infarction before episodes of angina pectoris,history of hypertension,heart function classification more than or equal to grade III in patients with acute myocardial infarction occurred after the proportion of early angina pectoris were signifi-cantly higher (all P <0.05).Conclusion Anterior wall,inferior wall infarction composite,successful thrombolytic therapy recanalization,myocardial infarction before episodes of angina pectoris,history of hypertension and cardiac functional grading more than or equal to grade III are related to early angina pectoris after acute myocardial infarction. We should actively take measures aimed at early prevention and treatment of early angina pectoris after acute myocar-dial infarction to avoid illness aggravating,improve the patients'prognosis.

se—Met. In the experimental range of concentration, the activities of GSH—px were higher than that of control.

Objective To investigate the optimum concentration and dose of ropivacaine for caudal block in the neonates undergoing laparotomy under general anesthesia.Methods One hundred pediatric patients of both sexes,aged 9-30 days,weighing 2.5-4.5 kg,scheduled for elective pyloromyotomy,were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =20 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),0.10％ ropivacaine 1.0 ml/kg group (group 0.1％ L1),0.15 ％ ropivacaine 1.0 ml/kg group (group 0.15 ％ L1),0.10 ％ ropivacaine 1.2 ml/kg group (group 0.10 ％ L2),and 0.15 ％ ropivacaine 1.2 ml/kg group (group 0.15 ％ L2).Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane and cisatracurium.The pediatric patients were tracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated.Remifentanil was infused intravenously at 0.2-0.3 μg· kg-1 · min-1 in group C.In 0.10 ％ L1,0.15 ％ L1,0.10 ％ L2 and 0.15％L2 groups,the corresponding concentrations and doses of ropivacaine were injected into the sacral canal under the guidance of ultrasound.The operation was started at 15 min after administration and sevoflurane was inhaled and the end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane was maintained at 0.8-1.0 MAC.Before induction (T1),at pyloric muscle retraction (T2),and at 4,8,12 and 24 h after operation (T3-6),blood samples were collected from the central vein for determination of plasma concentrations of cortisol and interleukin-6 (IL-6).Pain was assessed using CRIES score at T3-6.When CRIES scores ＞ 3,10％ chloral hydrate 0.5 ml/kg was given by retention enema for analgesia,and the requirement for chloral hydrate was recorded.The emergence time,extubation time,duration of stay in post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) and hospital discharge time were recorded.Bradycardia and hypotension during operation,and development of motor block of lower extremities,infection and dehiscence of incision,vomiting,and urinary retention after operation were also recorded.Results Compared with group C,no significant changes were found in the emergence time,extubation time,duration of stay in PACU,hospital discharge time,plasma concentrations of cortisol and IL-6,the requirement for chloral hydrate,and the incidence of bradycardia,hypotension,motor block of lower extremities,and infection and dehiscence of incision in 0.10％ L1 and 0.15 ％ L1 groups,the emergence time,extubation time,duration of stay in PACU,hospital discharge time were significantly shortened,and the plasma concentrations of cortisol and IL-6,requirement for chloral hydrate,and the incidence of hypotension and infection of incision were decreased in 0.10％ L2 and 0.15％ L2 groups,and the incidence of vomiting and urinary retention was increased in 0.15％ L1 and 0.15％ L2 groups.Compared with group 0.10％ L2,the incidence of vomiting and urinary retention was significantly decreased,and no significant changes were found in the other parameters mentioned above in 0.15％ L2 group.Conclusion The optimum concentration and dose of ropivacaine are 0.10％ and 1.2 ml/kg,respectively,for caudal block in the neonates undergoing laparotomy under general anesthesia.

Objective To investigate the construction of compound membrane with corneal stromal cells and collagen-chitosan by tissue engineering technique and its biocompatibility.Methods Rabbit and human corneal stromal cells were separated and seeded into collagen-chitosan membrane.The compound membrane was transplanted into rabbit corneal stroma.Then the growth condition of keratocytes,the effect on normal keratocytes and degradation of compound membrane were detected by corneal confocal microscope,anterior OCT and histological and immunohistochemical methods ex vivo 1,2,4 weeks after grafting.Results The rabbit and human corneal stromal cells grown well in collagen-chitosan scaffold.The compound membrane degradated gradually after grafting.There was no necrosis and dissolvation.Corneal epithelium,stroma and endothelial cells were all normal.Conclusion Collagen-chitosan can be used as a biological scaffold for construction of corneal stroma.Corneal confocal microscopy and anterior OCT are new methods to observe the biological activity of constructed corneal stroma.

The astaxanthin synthesized by Phaffia rhodozyma is a commercially valuable carotenoid. Related advances in the biosynthetic pathway of astaxanthin and the regulatory mechanisms of biosynthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma in recent years were reviewed.The innovating research aspects in related fields in China were also proposed.

Object To investigate the saponin from the seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum Linn (STFG) Methods The total saponin from STFG was extracted and purified by using the absorptive resin, the single saponin was isolated by using the column chromatography as well as dry column chromatography of silica gel H The chemical structure was elucidated by 13 CNMR , FAB MS, DEPT spectroscopic evidence and the results of fraction hydrolysis of acquiring their secondary glucosides Results A new saponin A from the total saponin has been obtained, the fraction hydrolysis carried out and the secondary glucoside Ⅰ and Ⅱ identified by determining the structure of saponin A The chemical structure of saponin A is: diosgenin 3 O ? L rhamnopyranosyl(1→4) ? D glucopyranosyl(1→4) ? D glucopyranoside The secondary glucoside Ⅰ is: diosgenin 3 O ? D glucopyranoside; Ⅱ is: diosgenin 3 O ? D glucopyranosyl(1→4) ? D glucopyranoside Conclusion Glucoside A is a new saponin with three molecules of sugar

Object To do detail investigation of the saponins from the Chinese materia medica Huluba (the seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum L ) Methods The pure saponins from the total saponins were isolated by employing the column chromatography and dry column chromatography of silica gel H Their chemical structures were elucidated by 13 C NMR , FAB MS, DEPT spectroscopic evidence and the results of the fraction hydrolysis of acquiring their secondary glucosides were obtained Results Two new saponins B and C were isolated and both were the glucosides consisted by four molecules of sugar with diosgenin The chemical structure of B is: diosgenin 3 O ? L rhamnopyranosyl (1→3) ? L rhamnopyranosyl (1→4) ? D glucopyranosyl (1→4) ? D glucopyranoside And saponin C is: diosgenin 3 O ? D glucopyranosyl (1→4) ? L rhamnopyranosyl (1→4) ? D glucopyranosyl (1→4) ? D glucopyranoside Conclusion Saponins B and C are two new ones with four molecules of sugar respectively

Objective To investigate the correlation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene variations in the promoter region with the sporadic Alzheimer' s disease (SAD) in Chinese Han population for better understanding the mechanism of SAD. MethodsThe polymorphisms of 279 SAD Chinese Han patients from Northern China were analyzed by comparing with those from 317 healthy individuals using the method of polymeraee chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism ( PCR-RFLP) or direct sequencing.The commercial statistics package SPSS 11.5 was used to compare the distribution of the allele and the genotype, and to analyze their correlations with SAD. ResultsThree polymorphism sites were found for the VEGF promoters in the Chinese Han sample group including -2578C/A,- 2549I/D and- 1154G/A.- 2549I/D and- 2578C/A exhibiting strong linkage disequilibrium. Individuals with the A allele at position -2578 had an insertion of 18 nucleotides at -2459I/D, whereas CC homozygotes did not contain th es were found between the SAD patients and the controls in the 3 VEGF polymorphisms. After adjusting the data for gender, age and the ApoE ε4 allele using Logistic regression, the - 1154G/G genotype of the VEGF promoter might increase the risk of SAD in Chinese Han population.Among the subgroup without the ApoE ε4 allele, -2549D/-1154G haplotype might increase the risk for SAD (OR = 1.325, 95％ CI 1.023--1.716, P=0.033). ConclusionsThree polymorphism sites ( -2578C/A, -254911D, and -1154G/A) are found in the VEGF promoter regions in Chinese Han population. The-1154G/G genotype of the VEGF promote appears to increase the risk of SAD in Chinese Han population.In the absence of ApoE ε4, the -2549D/-1154G haplotype of the VEGF promoter appears to affect the risk for SAD.

Studies have shown that co-infection of influenza viruses with bacteria is an important cause of high mortality during the epidemic of influenza.There are at least 12 species of bacteria that have been reported to be able to co-infect with influenza.Among those species,co-infection with Staphylococcus aureus is not only the most common but also the most lethal.However,the pathogenesis of high mortality from co-infection with influenza virus/S.aureus remains elusive.In addition,co-infection of influenza virus/S.aureus can induce severe pneumonia.There is new evidence that influenza virus can reduce the host′s tolerance to pathogenic or inflammatory injury,and the two pathogens can also synergistically aggravate toxic effects on the host.Here,we review the mechanisms of severe mortality of influenza infection associated with S.aureus co-infections in order to contribute to prevention and control of influenza in the future.