In our time the parent's role is changing from sexually differentiated to androgynous pattern. Mother's interaction with infant includes caring and father's interaction especially have play. Father and mother share the caring and play because they have complementary nature. Infants have a tendency to show more positive responses to their fathers than mothers in play situations. For that reason we can help the promotion of father's interaction with his infant. through ascertaining patterns of father-infant play interaction. This study was to find out patterns of father-infant play interaction in order to improve the interaction between father and infant. Data was video-taped from 6 fathers and infants who were healthy and first-timed and 7-11 weeks old in their houses. I used Father-Infant Play Interaction Scale that was applied to father instead of mother as a care-giver. The scale was checked up by experts in this field for content validity and the reliability was 0.95 in this study. The results were as follows; 1. Father's play behaviors were the patterns of responses about infant's cue. The mean score was 33.16(SD, 9.11). This mean they come up to the standard level of responses about infant's cue. 2. Infant's play behaviors were the patterns of responses about father's cue. The mean score was 7.00(SD, 3.10). This means they get the higher level of responses about father's cue. 3. The patterns of simultaneous responses occurred together between father and infant. The mean score was 9.58(SD, 3.96). This means they reach the standard level of simultaneous responses between father and infant. 4. The patterns of interactional behaviors occurred interpersonally between father and infant. The mean score was 49.75(SD, 15.80). This means they interact on the standard level of play interaction. In view of the results father's play interaction seems to reveal an average level and play patterns are similar to mother's. In order to ascertain definitely patterns of father-infant play interaction we need further research which has more subjects and variables to have important effects.
Cues ; Fathers ; Humans ; Infant ; Mothers ; Pilot Projects* ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors that influence surgical site infections after surgery. METHODS: This study was a retrospective research utilizing Electronic Medical Records. Data collection targeted 4,510 adult patients who had 8 different kinds of surgery (gastric surgery, colon surgery, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, hip & knee replacement, hysterectomy, cesarean section, cardiac surgery) in 4 medical care departments, at one general hospital between January 2006 and December 2011. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors affecting surgical site infections after surgery. RESULTS: Risk factors for increased surgical site infection following surgery were confirmed to be age (OR=1.59, p<.001), BMI (Body Mass Index)(OR=1.25, p=.034), year of operation (OR=2.45, p<.001), length of operation (OR=3.06, p<.001), ASA (American Society of Anesthesiology) score (OR=1.36, p=.025), classification of antibiotic used (OR=2.77, p<.001), duration of the prophylactic antibiotics use (OR=1.85, p<.001), and interaction between classification of antibiotic used and duration of the prophylactic antibiotics use (OR=1.90, p=.016). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that risk factors affecting surgical site infections should be monitored before surgery. The results of this study should contribute to establishing effective infection management measures and implementing surveillance systems for patients who have actual risk factors.
Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cesarean Section ; Cholecystectomy ; Classification ; Colon ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Electronic Health Records* ; Female ; Hip ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Knee ; Laparoscopy ; Logistic Models ; Pregnancy ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Surgical Wound Infection

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is one of the principal inducers of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in lymphocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of IL-18 on the expression of chemokine IP-10(CXCL10) mRNA in C57BL/6 mouse peritoneal macrophages was studied by using Northern blot analysis, enzyme linked immunosobent assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS: IL-18 was determined to exert no direct effect on the expression of IP-10(CXCL10) mRNA. However, IL-18 pretreatment was determined to play a cooperative role in the synergistic induction of LPS-induced IP-10(CXCL10) mRNA expression. The effect associated with IL-18 pretreatment with regard to the synergistic induction of LPS-induced IP-10 (CXCL10) mRNA expression was detected after 16 hr of IL-18 pretreatment, administered prior to LPS stimulation. The pattern of NF-kB binding activity during IL-18 pretreatment with LPS stimulation was found to coincide with the expression of IP-10(CXCL10) mRNA. CONCLUSION: Although IL-18 alone exerts no direct effect on the expression of chemokine IP-10(CXCL10), a definite period of IL-18 pretreatment induces the synergistic expression of LPS-induced IP-10(CXCL10) mRNA. NF-kB activation is a component of this synergistic effect of IL-18 pretreatment. These results provide useful information, which may facilitate the elucidation of the action mechanisms underlying IL-18 effect on the expression of IP-10(CXCL10) mRNA.
Animals ; Blotting, Northern ; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin-18* ; Lymphocytes ; Macrophages, Peritoneal ; Mice ; NF-kappa B ; RNA, Messenger* ; Up-Regulation*

This retrospective descriptive study was conducted to survey the needlestick injuries(NSI) in nurses and doctors. Thc subjccts of this study wcrc 351 nurscs and 199 doctors of four teaching hospitals. Pusan. The data was gathered from March, 18 to April 9. 1988 and analyzed though SPSSWIN progra n for frequency, percentile and X2-test. According to the results of the study, 85.5% of subjects had experienced NSI (94.4% of the nurses and 73.9% of the doctors). The ratio of the experience of NSI in nurses was significantly higher than that of doctors(X2=53.54, P=.00). Most needle-stick injuries occured during the administration of intravenous injection(36.7%) in nurses, on the other hand percutaneous venipuncture for blood sampling(35.3%), suturing(27.2%) in doctors. The most ccmmon situation of these NSI was recapping contaminated needles after treatment. Only 12.0% of nurses and 38.6% of doctors reported wearing gloves when the NSI happened. 26.1% of subjects reported that they could not identify the source patient after MI. The major reason of NSI were preeeived to be carelessness%1.4%). Of these NSI, 54.6% occured in :usy or emergency situations. Among the management for NSI, exam(8.6%), mefication(9.8%) and counseling(11.7%) and reporting(2,6%. is lower than bleeding(80.3%) from the wound, deaning( 63.3%), disinfection(91.3%) and reviewing the clinical records of the patients (82.3%). In conclusion, nurses and doctors are at a high-risk of needlestick injuries but substantially they are not good at preventing and managing NSI. So efforts to reduce NSI should be directed not only at improving procedural skills for intravenous catheter insertions, but also in increasing use of barrier protection such as gloves, and so on. Also immunization and educational efforts should be made along with better designs of needles to reduce the risk of NSI. Continuing prevention and training programs for NSI are needed in order to avoid unwanted infection.
Busan ; Catheters ; Dronabinol ; Education ; Emergencies ; Hand ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Humans ; Immunization ; Needles ; Needlestick Injuries* ; Phlebotomy ; Retrospective Studies ; Wounds and Injuries

This study was undertaken to obtain the incidence of dysmenorrhea and differance of dysmenorrhea according to the general characteristics, lifestyle, and menstrual pattern in women community college students. For the data collection, self-administered questionnaire survey was made from April 7, 1999 to April 14, 1999 among the 204 women community college students. The resultant data were processed by SAS program for frequency, proportion, and Chi-square test. The results of this study are as follows ; 1) Prevalence rate of dysmenorrhea was 81.9%. Among women who had dysmenorrhea, 42.6% of them had family history on dysmenorrhea, 47% of them experienced the dysmenorrhea 'monthly', 89.2% of them had experienced dysmenorrhea on the first-second day, 38.5% of them responded that the most painful region was 'low abdomen', 61.5% of them responded that they used 'analgesics' to soothe dysmenorrhea, 92.3% of them responded that they had analgesics without doctor's prescription, and 42.6% of them responded that they experienced digestive system related symptoms during menstrual period. 2) The incidence of dysmenorrhea was significantly different by ordering of sisters, blood type, and body shape. 3) The incidence of dysmenorrhea was no significantly different by life style. 4) The incidence of dysmenorrhea was no significantly different by menstrual pattern.
Analgesics ; Digestive System ; Dysmenorrhea* ; Female ; Female* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Life Style ; Prescriptions ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Siblings

The authors performed clincial and mycological studies on 185 outpatients who had clinical evidences of tinea cruris (T. cruris) or tinea corporis (T. corporis) and. who had visited the dermatological clinic of Chonnam University Hospital from April to September in 1978. The incidence of T. cruris was 4. 2%, T. corporis 3. 7%, and concurrent infection of T. cruris and T. corporis l. 1% of the 2526 outpatients who visited our clinic during that time. Of the 185 patients, T. cruris was most prevalent among malea, while T. corporis was evenly distributed between both sexes. The age distribution group for T. cruris and T. corporis varied from several months to the eighth decade, but most of them were in their third decade, at an actively working age. Comparing the incidence of urban and rural areas, patients living in urban areas were affected with T. cruris about two times more than those living in rural area but there was little difference regarding T. corporis. Concurrent infection of T. cruris or T. corporis with other dermatophytoses was noted in 42. 2% of the cases. Fatients with T. cruris and tinea pedis (T. pedis) were most, commonly observed, 30. 8%, with T. cruris and T. corporis 28. I r, T, corporis and T. pedis 19. 2Y., and T. cruris and. T. pedis 12. 8% following in order, In etiological studies of T, cruris Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) was most, frequently the causative organism. But Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton. mentagrophytes (T. mentagrophytes) were also commonly isolated. T. corporis was caused most frequently by T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum, and Microsporum canis (M. canis) and Trichophyton violaceum (T. violaceum) were also isolated. We cultured fungi from each lesion of the 28 patients with concurrent infections of T. cruris and/or T. corporis with other dermatophytoses, and obtained the same causative strains in all lesions of each patient. We presumed concurrent infection of dermatophytosis to frequently be autoinoculation from one part of the body to another, especially in T. pedis which is often the infectious source of T. cruria and/or T. corporis.
Age Distribution ; Arthrodermataceae* ; Epidermophyton ; Fungi ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jeollanam-do ; Microsporum ; Outpatients ; Tinea ; Tinea Pedis ; Trichophyton

Erythropoietin is the major hormonal regulator of erythropoiesis. It is controlled by many factors inducing hypoxia in tissue. The serum erythropoietin levels of neonates have shown gradual dccrease until 1 month of age, which they are reactivated in the period of physiologic anemia. This change is exaggerated if the meonates are born prematurely, and the levels of erythropoietin respond to lower hemoglobin are lower than those of term neonates and adults. The purpose of this study was to assess the values of erythropoietin levels to compare hemoglobin on the preterm and term neonates until 1 month of age. The results were as follows: 1) At birth mean erythropoietin values of preterm and term neonates were 16.5+/-1.4mU/ml, 16.5+/-1.7mU/ml respectively, there was no significant difference. Also erythropoietin values in preterm and term neonates were 23.6+/-13.3mU/ml, 10.9+/-1.5mU/ml respectively. Resticulocyte counts in preterm and term neonates were 10.7+/-3.3%, 5.7+/-2.9% respectively, so they were significantly higher in preterm than in term neonates. 2) The changes of mean hemoglobin, reticulocyte counts and erythropoietin according to postnatal ages were that those of reticulocyte counts and erythropoietin were significantly increased about 1 month of age. 3) At the 1 month of age, mean erythropoietin values in preterm neonates were lower than those of term neonates and adults, despite of the lowest hemoblobin. This results showed that erythropoietin values in preterm neonates during the physilolgic anemia were lower values than those of term neonates and adults in spite of the lowest hemoglobin.
Adult ; Anemia ; Anoxia ; Erythropoiesis ; Erythropoietin* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Parturition ; Reticulocyte Count

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of the amniotic, and maternal infiammatory responses and decreased amniotic fluid in patients with preterm PROM. METHODS: Fifty three patients with preterm PROM in singleton pregnancy who delivered preterm neonates (gestational age<35 weeks) within 3 days of amniocentesis were included. Amniotic fluid index(AFI) was measured by transabdominal ultrasonography at amniocentesis. Amniotic fluid was cultured far aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and mycoplasma. The intensity of the inflammatory response was evaluated by clinical and histologic chorioamnionitis. The intensity of fetal hypoxia was evaluated by 1 min Apgar score, 5 min Apgar score, and pH of cord blood at birth. RESULTS: The prevalence of oligohydramnios, which was defined when measured AFI was equal or less than 5.0, was 34% (18/53). The prevalence of positive amniotic fluid culture was 45% (24/53) and that of patients with was significantly higher than that of patients without oligohydramnios (78% [14/l8] vs 29% [10/35], p<0.01). Intrauterine inflammatory response was significantly stronger in patients with oligohydratnnios than in patients with adequate amniotic fluid (pathologic chorioamnionitis 100% [l6/16] vs 63% [19/30], clinical chorioamnionitis 39% [7/18] vs 6% [2/35]; p<0.01 for each). However, no significant difference was found in the intensity of fetal hypoxia (I min Apgar score <7 67% [12/18] vs 66% [23/35], 5 min Apgar score <7 39% [7/l8] vs 26% [9/35], pH of cord artery blood at birth 7.27+0.13 vs 7.22+0.13; p>O.I, for each). CONCLUSION: Oligohydramnios in patients with preterm PROM is strongly pedictive for positive amniotic fluid culture, and is associated with a robust host response in amniotic, and maternal cornpartments, but not with fetal hypoxia.
Amniocentesis ; Amniotic Fluid ; Apgar Score ; Arteries ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Chorioamnionitis ; Female ; Fetal Blood ; Fetal Hypoxia* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Infant, Newborn ; Mycoplasma ; Oligohydramnios* ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Prevalence ; Ultrasonography

BACKGROUND: Myocardial ischemia in human hypertension and in various animal models of hypertension may be due to abnormal maximal coronary vasodilator reserve and disturbaces of coronary vasomotion. The vascular reactivity defects in hypertension have been associated with the defective endothelium and sympathetic neural activation. However, such abnormalities in hypertension need to be elucidated. In the present study the effectsof cardiac ischemia reperfusion on coronary circulation, intramyocytic adenylates and purine nucleosides were examined in Langendorff-perfused Sprague Dawley rat (SD) and spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) hearts. Coronary venous and cardiac lactate and cardiac pyruvate were also measured. It should be noted that in the regulation of coronary flow the intrinsic flow autoregulation is highly variable due to coexisting metabolic flow control, and that natural coronary flow and cardiomyocytic energy state are normally reciprocally related in perfused heart. METHODS: For the Langendorff heart perfusion, bicarbonate perfusion buffer (pH 7.40+/-0.02,37degrees C) was equilibrated with 95% O2 : 5% CO2 and contained 5mM glucose (+5U/1 insulin) and 2mM pyruvate as energy-yielding substrates. Global hypoperfusion ischemia was induced by lowering coronary perfusion pressure of 100 to 40 cmH2O, followed by 20 min reperfusion. RESULTS: During the ischemia and reperfusion, metabolic acidosis and enhanced venous lactate output in SHR were observed with increases in coronary vascular resistance and myocardial oxygen consumption.In addition, coronary reactive hyperemia during reperfusion was depressed. Although ischemia-induced increase in combined adenosine plus inosine were abolished during prolonged reperfusion, SD still exhibited coronary vasodilation. The depressed reactive hyperemia in SHR was associated with decreases in cardiac adenosine triphosphate (ATP) pool and creatine phosphate/inorganic phosphate (CrP/Pi) ratio and an increase in cardiac lactate/pyruvate ratio. CONCLUSION: This abnormal vascular reactivity during ischemia and reperfusion in SHR may be in part due to an alteration in the cardiac energy state and hence to a mismatch between myocardial metabolic demand and supply.
Acidosis ; Adenosine ; Adenosine Triphosphate ; Animals ; Coronary Circulation ; Creatine ; Endothelium ; Glucose ; Heart* ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Hypertension ; Inosine ; Ischemia ; Lactic Acid ; Models, Animal ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Oxygen ; Perfusion* ; Purine Nucleosides ; Pyruvic Acid ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR* ; Reperfusion ; Vascular Resistance ; Vasodilation

Epidermoid Cyst is a very rare benign neoplasm of the testis which represents about 1% of all testicular tumors. Ultrasonography findings of epidermoid cyst are so variable in reported cases that it is not eas y to diagnose preoperatively. The echogenecity of mixed echoic. it may show hyperechoic rim, and rarely shows target apperance. Target appearance may be a specific finding of epidermoid cyst, and it may be helpful to diagnose preoperatively. we describe a case of epidermoid cyst of the testis demonstrating double target sign on ultrasonography.
Epidermal Cyst* ; Testicular Neoplasms ; Testis* ; Ultrasonography