Recently early noni-nvasive diagnostic techniques of bladder tumor are the hot resear- ches,which is significantly important for guiding clinical therapy and prognosis.This article will review the advancements of noninvasive diagnosis of bladder tumor in recent years and compare the new develop- ments with traditional exfoliative cytology test of urine,typical cystoscopy and improved cystoscopy.

Objective To investigate the scale and educational-level composition of nursing education in Guangdong Province,identify the issues in the development process,and provide suggestions accordingly.Methods Data on the scale and education level of nursing education were obtained from the Ministry of Education of China.Results Scale of nursing education at three levels for entering nursing (secondary diploma,advanced diploma,and baccalaureate degree) expanded rapidly during 2006～2010 in Guangdong,with 25.6 thousand recruitments totally in 2010,which as 2.05 times as in 2006.The portion of students recruited in secondary diploma programs had increased gradually,resulted in 83.53％ in 2010 (9.41％ for recruitments in advanced diploma programs and 7.06％ for baccalaureate degree programs).179 and 16 students were recruited in master's and doctoral programs in Guangdong,respectively,during 2006～ 2010.Conclusions The current scale and composition of nursing education in Guangdong should be improved according to the dynamic supply-need relationship of nursing workforce.Initial nursing education should be upgraded by increasing the recruitments of advanced diploma and baccalaureate programs and decreasing the recruitments of secondary diploma programs,expand graduate education,and ensure the quality of education.

Nursing work environment impacts patient outcomes. This article summarized the concept and connotation of nursing work environment, related theories of how nursing work environment impacts patient safety outcomes and related researches conducted by foreign scholars. The effort of this review article aims to put forward new research direction.

The occupational hazards to nurses are important factors which may influence the physical and mental health of nurses, and further more influence the quality of care the nurses providing to patients. This article reviewed the occupational hazards to nurses and the related factors in organizational environments and nursing human resources, so as to provide references for further studies and evidence for taking measures to prevent occupational hazards to clinical nurses.

The important role of nursing work environment has received much attention in the management of nursing workforce and the quality of health care services. This paper analyzed current studies on nursing work environment, and suggested that the government and hospital administrators pay more attention to the development of nursing workforce, adequate clinical nurse staffing levels and promoting healthy work environment for nurses.

Objective To determine the effect of COMMD7 inhibition on invasion and migration in liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs),and investigate the possible mechanism.Methods After LCSCs were infected by shRNA lentiviral vectors of COMMD7,adhesion assay and Transwell assay were used to detect the invasion and migration,and phalloidin staining was employed to observe the morphological changes.Western blotting was adopted to measure the expression of E-cadherin,N-cadherin and Vimentin.Results COMMD7 knockdown significantly inhibited the invasion and migration of LCSCs.The relative cell quantity of adhesion was 1.00 ± 0.12 and 2.35 ± 0.20 respectively in control cells and infected cells,suggesting there were significantly more adhesive cells in the infected group (P ＜ 0.05).The relative cell quantity per visual field of migration was 1.00 ±0.04 and 0.24±0.03,and that of invasion was 1.00 ±0.05 and 0.24 ±0.04 respectively in the control cells and infected cells,and there were significantly less invasive and migrated cells in the infected group (P ＜0.05).What's more,COMMD7 knockdown also induced some morphological changes of cells corresponding to the weakened abilities of migration and invasion.All the changes above were associated with up-regulation of E-cadherin (P ＜ 0.05) and down-regulation of N-cadherin and Vimentin (P ＜0.05),the molecules related to mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET).Conclusion COMMD7 knockdown inhibits the invasion and migration in LCSCs,which may be through its regulation on the MET course.

Objective To describe the prevalence and change of rationing of nursing care (RNC) in medical and surgical units of level 2 and level 3 general hospitals across Guangdong province. Methods RNC were measured by asking nurses about the completion status of 12 necessary nursing care activities, and the prevalence of RNC in 2014 was compared with the study results from the China Hospital Nursing Workforce Research(CNWR) in 2009 (exclusively using the data of Guangdong province) to describe the change of RNC. Results Six activities were rationed averagely in 2014, and the most frequent activities rationed wereComfort/talk with patients accounted for 69.8% (975/1 396) andEducating patients and familiesaccounted for 67.3%(940/1 396). According to the CNWR in 2009, the average number of nursing care activities rationed was 3 which was statistically lower than the number in 2014 (P < 0.01). Conclusions RNC is prevalent in level 2 and level 3 general hospitals across Guangdong province, especially psychosocial care to the patients; the prevalence of RNC has not decreased since 2009.

Objective To establish contusion brain injury model in rats, and investigate the efficacy of intravenous administration of neural stem cells(NSC) on posttraumatic neurocognitive function recovery and NGF expression in rats. Methods Cerebral contusion model in motor-sensory cortex of the right parietal cortex in rat was established by a 50 g-weight hammer falling respectively from 30 cm height along guide stick to impact collision pole by improved trauma device for model of contusion brain injury based on Feeney method. And the NSC isolated from GFP transgenic mice were injected intravenously via the tail vein 24 h after the brain trauma, and 1 week later neurocognitive function scores and NGF immunostaining were performed to explore the efficacy of NSC transplant. Results The NSCs from the GFP transgenic mice gathered at the injury site 1 weeks after transplants.Neurocognitive function scores and NGF-positive cells measurement(226 ±27,23 ±4 ) in the treatment group revealed significant increase than in the brain trauma group(300 ±36;15 ±3 )(P＜0.05). Conclusion The intravenous NSC injection in rats can survive and migrate to the injured brain region and promote the post-injury neurocognitive function restoration. The increase of NGF expression may underline one of most important mechanisms in NSC treatment' s rats after brain injury.

Objective To investigate the effect of olfactory entheath cells (OECs) transplantation on neural function and synaptic density of rats with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and the possible mechanism. Methods Rats were divided into sham operation group, TBI group and OECs engrafted group. The brains of the rats were injured by Feeney percussion device through free falling. After cultured and identified by using specific marker (known as P75), OECs were transplanted into the area around the injured brain. Cortical somatosensory evoked potential (CSEP) and motor evoked potential ( MEP) were evaluated at day 14 after cell transplantation to determine the neurophysiologic function following TBI. Moreover, the synaptic densities around the injured brain were determined by using immunohistochemical method. One-way ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis. Results The transplanted OECs could survive and migrate around the injury site in the host brain 14 days after OECs transplantation. In addition, rats subjected to OECs implantation showed a marked neurophysiologic improvement and a significant increase of synaptic densities compared with the control group. Conclusion OECs transplantation can improve the neurophysiologic function and increase the synaptic density, which provides experimental basis for treatment of TBI with OECs.

Objective To explore the impact of nursing work environment on the occurrence of nosocomial infections in ICU. Methods The sample consisted of 1890 nurses who provided direct care for patients in ICUs of level 2 and level 3 hospitals in mainland China. The nursing work environment of ICU was measured with a Chinese translation version of the Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI). Nurses were asked to estimate how frequently nosocomial infections occurred including surgical site infection, urinary tract infection, central line infection, and ventilator associated pneumonia. Results The composite score of PES-NWI of ICU nurse was 3.35(2.77, 3.81)points. The percentage of nurses who reported the 4 kinds of nosocomial infections in ICU"had happen"were 60.4%(surgical site infection,1122/1858),68.0%(urinary tract infection,1265/1859),52.9%(central line infection, 981/1856), and 66.0%(ventilator associated pneumonia, 1229/1861). Nurses who graded higher in PES-NWI would be less likely to report the 4 kinds of nosocomial infections had happen,OR:0.591(surgical site infection), 0.664(urinary tract infection), 0.573(central line infection), 0.567(ventilator associated pneumonia), all P<0.01. Conclusions A better nursing work environment is significantly related to lower occurrence of nosocomial infections in ICU.