Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a more and more important role in medical image area for its advantages of nonradiative,multiple imaging and high spatial resolution.This review gives a systematic discussion over a couple of MRI segmentation algorithms that are used widely to help people have an entire knowledge of MRI segmentation methods.On the base of classification and summary of MRI segmentation,the MRI segmentation algorithms have been classified into 5 different categories after preliminary investigation and survey.Based on threshold,pattern recognition,active contours,Markov random field (MRF) and graph cut,separately.After further investigation and survey we summarize the characters and field of applications of the 5 different algorithms,then take a few segment experiments among these algorithms on abdomen MRI and present their distinct characteristics.At last,we take a prospect at the future of the MRI segmentation.

Objective To investigate the effect of rehabilitation nursing in perioperative period of elderly patients with femoral neck fractures undergone supercapsular percutaneously assisted total hip (SuperPATH) arthroplasty.Methods A retrospective cohort analysis was made on 30 patients treated by total hip arthroplasty through the SuperPATH approach from January 2016 to July 2016.There were seven males and 23 females,aged 75-91 years (mean,77 years).Nursing methods contained application of pluralistic education before operation,application of body position management,psychologic support joint pain and sleep multidimensional strengthening nursing intervention and dislocation nursing after operation,and recovery training.Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS),self-rating scale of sleep (SRSS),Barthel index and Harris hip score were used to compare clinical manifestations before and after treatment.Results SAS score was 42.5-66.3 points [(50.0 ± 6.2) points] one day before operation,compared to 33.8-53.8 points [(41.5 ± 5.2) points] five day after operation (P ＜ 0.05).SRSS score was 24-37 points [(29.9 ±3.1) points] one day before operation,compared to 14-34 points [(23.2 ± 5.3) points] five day after operation (P ＜ 0.05).Barthel index was 20-40 points [(38.5 ± 4.4) points] one day before operation,was 35-55 points [(49.7 ± 6.3)points] two day after operation and was 55-70 points [(63.5 ± 5.1)] points five day after operation,showing significant differences (P ＜ 0.05).Harris hip score was 4-25 points [(14.8 ±4.2)points] one day after operation,was 59-75 points[(67.3 ± 5.1) points] two day after operation and was 66-85 points [(79.2 ± 4.3) points] two weeks after operation,showing significant differences (P ＜ 0.05).All incision healed primarily.No complications occurred.Conclusion Perioperative rehabilitation nursing of minimally invasive SuperPATH arthroplasty is effective in alleviating patients' anxiety,improving sleep status and self-care ability,enhancing postoperative rehabilitation effect and reducing risk of in-hospital complications.

Objective To discuss the pulmonary function change in infants with human bocavirus (HBoV) pneumonia or mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) and its clinical signiifcance. Methods One hundred and forty infants under 3 years old who were admitted due to pulmonary infection were recruited from January, 2013 to October, 2013. Among them, HBoV-DNA was detected in 64 cases, and MP-DNA was detected in 76 cases. Thirty eight normal age-matched infants were selected as controls. The shape of tidal breathing lfow-volume loops (TBFVLs) and change of every index were measured with a Pulmonary Testing System (Jaeger MasterScope). Results The ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory lfow (PTEF) to total expiratory time (TPTEF/TE), the ratio of VPTEF to expiratory volume (VPTEF/VE), tidal expiratory lfow at 25%of the remaining tidal volume (TEF25%) and the ratio of TEF25%to PTEF (25/PF) were signiifcantly decreased in infants with HBoV and MP infection as compared with healthy infants (P<0.05). However, there was no signiifcant difference of the above indices between infants with HBoV and MP infection (P>0.05). The shape of TBFVLs in infants with HBoV and MP pneumonia was changed and characterized by left-shifted PTEF and trough-like concave in descending limb. The PTEF was decreased in infants with pulmonary infection. Conclusions HBoV or MP infection results in impaired pulmonary function with manifestations of obstruction in small airway. The shape of TBFVLs in infants with HBoV and MP pneumonia is characterized by left-shifted PTEF and trough-like concave in descending limb.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ; diagnosis ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m

Objective To explore the peripheral blood microRNA (miRNA) expression of patients with gastric cancer,and to establish specific peripheral blood miRNA expression profile of gastric cancer,which would provide the evidencc for investigating the role of miRNA in the genesis and development of gastric cancer and looking for new molecular markers of gastric cancer.MethodsA total of 6 gastric cancer patients and 6 healthy volunteers were selected.The totat RNA of peripheral blood was extracted for miRNA expression profile examination and hioinformation analysis. The results of microarray were verified by real-time PCR. The online miRNA target gene pr(e)diction software was used to predict and screen miRNA differentially expressed target genes. Results Compared with control group,there were 54 differentially expressed miRNA in gastric cancer group,of which the expression of 35 miRNA (miRNA-504,mi RNA-183,miRNA- 938,miRNA-1285,miRNA- 576-3p,miRNA-663,etc) were up-regulated and 19 miRNA (miRNA-433,miRNA-193b,miRNA-329,miRNA 409-3p,miRNA 154,el(e)) were down-regulated.The results of real-time PCR indicated that there was a good consistency between PCR verificd results and microarray results in 2 up-regulated miRNA (miRNA 504 and miRNA-183) and 2 down-regulated miRNA (miRNA-443 and miRNA- 193b).ConclusionThere is specific peripheral blood miRNA expression profile of patients with gastric cancer,and these differentially cxpressed miRNA will likely become new diagnostic biomarkers of gastric cancer.

Objective To explore the clinical value and safety of early enteral nutrition support in patients after liver transplantation.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 86 cases who used early enteral nutrition support therapy after liver transplantation between January 2008and October 2011.All of patients were uproot the gastric tube at the first day after the operation,and gradual to the normal diet.The patients who used parenteral nutrition support therapy were as the control group(n＝112).Then we compared the data of patients in the two groups.Results The early enteral nutrition is more useful to the patients after liver transplantation than intravenous nutrition [In the seventh day after the operation,the control group's ALT was (45.2 ± 12.9) U/L,AST was (40.2±9.4) U/L,ALBwas (35.6±2.5) g/L,P＜0.05].The early enteral nutrition also can decrease hospital stay and hospital costs [(14.2±3.4) d,P＜0.05].Conclusion The early enteral nutrition is useful and safe to the patients after liver transplantation.

The crude toxin was extracted from hypha and culture solution of Phyllosticta commelimecola through three different polarity solvent: benzinum, puncificatum ethyl acetate and chloroform. The result indicated that the toxin secreted by Phyllosticta commelimecola not only was in hypha but also in culture solution and the extracting effect of ethyl acetate was the best. The soybean median and PSK media can be respectively used as solid and liquid culture media to produce toxin and grow mycelium. The optimal cultural conditions for producing toxin were temperature 32℃,cultured period 14d, cultured ways shaking of 150r/min.

Prostate cancer is one of the common malignant tumors of male urogenital system, and the incidence of prostate cancer in China has increased significantly in the past decade. At present, endocrine therapy based on androgen blockade is the main method of clinical treatment except radical surgery and radiotherapy/chemotherapy for prostate cancer. However, the clinical benefit can only be obtained in the early stage of treatment, and nearly 90% of patients will develop to the castration resistance, and among them, nearly 90% of patients will have bone metastasis. The quality of life decreases sharply with the progression of disease for patients. In addition to the androgen signal pathway, studies have shown that many other oncogenic signal pathways have involved in the development of castration resistance, including classic cancer signaling pathways, immune and inflammatory signaling pathways, etc. Understanding the mechanism of androgen independent signal pathway in the formation of castration resistance will help to understand the off-target effect of androgen blocking therapy and introduce new treatment targets or strategies to get rid of the "no drug available" dilemma for clinical treatment of castration resistance.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. METHODS: Cells of the rat hepatocyte line BRL were cultured. The hepatocytes were treated with LPS, ERS inducer thapsigargin (TG), and ERS inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), respectively or in their different combination. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The cyto-nuclear morphological changes of apoptosis cells were detected by the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33258. The apoptosis rate was assessed by flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining. Expressions of GRP78 as ERS marker protein, CHOP, caspase-12 and cleaved-caspase-3 as ERS related protein were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: LPS could cause a decrease in cell viability and an increase in apoptosis rate in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The expression of GRP78, CHOP, caspase-12 and cleaved-caspase-3 proteins were significantly increased with LPS treatment. TG led to a marked decrease in cell viability and an increase in apoptosis rate, which aggravated the hepatocyte injury induced by LPS; whereas 4-PBA alleviated LPS-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION ERS mediates LPS-induced hepatocyte injuries, indicating that ERS may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of LPS-induced hepatocyte injuries.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Survival ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; Hepatocytes ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Phenylbutyrates ; Rats

Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of B7-H4, a negative costimulatory molecule, in mediating the immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells C3H10T1/2 (C3H10) on T cell polarization. Methods The lentiviral vectors that carried the shRNA targeting mouse B7-H4 were transfected into mouse mesenchymal stem cells (C3H10-B7-H4). The cells were co-cultured with PHA-acti-vated mice spleen lymphocytes before and after the transfection. ELISA was performed to detect the concen-trations of cytokines in supernatants of cell culture in order to elucidate the effects of B7-H4 expressed by C3H10 on T cell polarization. A mouse model of experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) was established. Fifty C57BL/6 mice were divided into five groups including control group, EAE group, C3H10 group (injec-ting EAE mice with C3H10 cells), C3H10-NC group ( injecting EAE mice with C3H10-NC cells) and C3H10-B7-H4 group (injecting EAE mice with C3H10-B7-H4 cells). ELISA was performed to detect the soluble form of IL-2, IL-17, IFN-γ and IL-4 in plasma samples. Results Knocking down the B7-H4 gene with shRNA significantly decreased the expression of B7-H4 on C3H10 cells, which weakened the inhibitory effects of C3H10 cells on the secretion of IL-2, IL-17 and IFN-γ by spleen lymphocytes. The therapeutic effects of C3H10-B7-H4 cells on mice with EAE were weakened after silencing the B7-H4 gene expression, which was manifested as higher nerve function score and earlier onset and bring forwarded peak time of EAE than those of the C3H10 group. Treating EAE mice with C3H10-B7-H4 cells was less efficient in inhibiting the expression of IL-2, IL-17 and IFN-γin plasma. However, knocking down the B7-H4 gene had no signif-icant effect on the expression of IL-4 in terms of treating EAE with C3H10 cells. Conclusion The co-inhib-itor molecule B7-H4 expressed on C3H10 cells mediated the treatment of EAE with C3H10 cells by regula-ting Th1 and Th17 effector T cells.