0.05). In the group of pirenzepine, the RBF, velocity and volume significantly increased at 0.5 h and 1 h after injection compared with that before injection (P0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that pirenzepine could increase RBF and oxygen in blood with the peak time at 0.5 h and 1 h after intravitreous injection.

AlM:To study and investigate the change situation of trace elements and body comprehensive immune state of patients with viral keratitis.METHODS:Sixty-two patients with viral keratitis in our hospital from December 2011 to February 2014 were selected as observation group, 62 healthy persons with health education at the same time were the control group, then the serum and tear Zn, Cu, cellular immunity and erythrocyte immunity of two groups were compared, and the detection results of observation group with different types and severity degree were compared.RESULTS:The serum and tear Zn of observation group was all lower than that in control group, serum and tear Cu was higher than that in control group, cellular immunity and erythrocyte immunity indexes were all worse than that in control group, the detection results of observation group with mild, moderate and severe infection had significant differences (P<0. 05), while the detection results of observation group with herpes simplex keratitis and herpes zoster keratitis had no significant differences (P>0. 05).CONCLUSlON: The change of trace elements and body comprehensive immune state of patients with viral keratitis are obvious, and the severity degree for the detection levels of keratitis are greater.

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of Telbivudine (LDT) Tablet combined with Jianpi Bushen Recipe (JBR) on serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and HBeAg seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.

METHODSTotally 90 HBeAg-positive and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 positive CHB patients were randomly assigned to the treatment group and the control group, 45 cases in each group. Patients in the treatment group took LDT Tablet (600 mg, once per day) combined with JBR granule (twice per day), while those in the control group took LDT Tablet alone. The therapeutic course for all was one year. HBV DNA negative conversion rate, HBeAg seroconversion rate, and level of HBV specific CTL were compared after 1 year treatment; liver function, drug resistance mutations, and adverse reactions were also compared between the two groups.

RESULTSAfter 1 year treatment, HBV DNA negative conversion rate and HBeAg seroconversion rate were 88.89% (40/45) and 40.00% (18/45) in the treatment group, higher than those of the control group [68.89% (31/45) and 20.00% (9/45)], with statistical difference (P < 0.05). Level of HBV specific CTL in the treatment group was 0.78% +/- 0.09% after treatment, higher than that of the control group after 1 year treatment (0.54% +/- 0.11%) and that before treatment (0.36% +/- 0.07%), with statistical difference (P < 0.01). Level of HBV specific CTL in 27 patients with HBeAg seroconversion was 0.81% 0.10%, higher than that of 63 patients without HBeAg seroconversion (0.60% +/- 0.09%), with statistical difference (P < 0.01). ALT returned to normal in 44 cases of the treatment group (97.78%), while it was 42 cases (93.33%) of the control group, with no statistical difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Total bilirubin (TBil) in the two groups all turned to normal. rtM204I variation occurred in 1 case (2.22%) of the treatment group and 2 cases (4.44%) in the control group. No obvious adverse reaction occurred in the two groups.

CONCLUSIONLDT Tablet combined with JBR could elevate levels of HBV specific CTL and HBeAg seroconversion in CHB patients.

Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Seroconversion ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; immunology ; Tablets ; Thymidine ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo investigate the whole sequence of SLC26A4 gene among 1552 deaf students from 21 regions of China with SLC26A4 hot spot mutation IVS7-2A > G and analyze the epidemiological state of enlarged-vestibular-aqueduct-syndrome (EVAS) related hearing loss in China.

METHODSDNA was extracted from peripheral blood of 1552 students from deaf and dumb school of 21 regions in China. The nationality of the 1552 cases covers Han (1290 cases), Uigur (69 cases), Hui (37 cases), Mongolia (31 cases), Yi, Zhuang, Bai, Miao and other 13 nationalities (125 cases). Firstly, all subjects were analyzed for the hot spot mutation IVS7-2A > G by direct sequencing. Those carrying a single heterozygous IVS7-2A > G were given further analyzed for the probable second mutation in other exons except exon7 and exon8 of SLC26A4. One hundred and fifty cases with normal hearing were in the control group.

RESULTSThe sequencing results revealed 197 cases carrying IVS7-2A > G, of whom 83 carrying IVS7-2A > G homozygous mutation, 114 carrying IVS7-2A > G heterozygous mutation. Of the 114 cases with heterozygous IVS7-2A > G, 78 cases were found to have another mutation and 36 cases were found no other mutation in SLC26A4. Of the 1552 cases, the percentage of cases carrying homozygous IVS7-2A > G and compound heterozygous mutations was 10.37% (161/1552). Of the 78 cases with SLC26A4 compound heterozygous mutations, the mutations except IVS7-2A > G were found mainly in exon 19, 10, 17, 15, 11 + 12, 14 and 3. Twenty-one novel SLC26A4 mutations were found. In the control group, there were only 3 cases carrying heterozygous IVS7-2A > G, and no other mutation in SLC26A4 was found.

CONCLUSIONSSLC26A4 mutations account for at least 10% of EVAS related hereditary hearing loss in China. It's of great importance to screen SLC26A4 gene for making aetiological diagnosis for deafness. The discovery of novel variants of SLC26A4 gene makes the mutational and polymorphic spectrum more plentiful in Chinese population. We also provide preliminary evidence for the hot spot areas of SLC26A4.

Adolescent ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Base Sequence ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; epidemiology ; ethnology ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; genetics ; Mutation ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Vestibular Aqueduct

Using the absorbent resin, silica gel and ODS column chromatography as well as semi-preparative HPLC, ten compounds were isolated from 70% ethanol extract of tubers of Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright, and their structures were elucidated as trigoneoside XIIIa (1), parvifloside (2), trigoneoside IVa (3), deltoside (4), protobioside (5), lilioglycoside k (6), zingiberensis newsaponin I (7), deltonin (8), prosapogenin A of dioscin (9), and trillin (10) on the basis of NMR and MS spectral data analysis. Among these compounds, 1, 3, 5 and 6 were isolated from this plant for the first time. In the screening test on platelet aggregation, compounds 7 and 8 exhibited induction effect on platelet aggregation, while compound 9 exhibited significant inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation in vitro.
Animals ; Dioscorea ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Structure ; Platelet Aggregation ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Saponins ; chemistry ; pharmacology

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The degree of noise induced hearing loss was determined principally according to the level and duration of noise and patient's state. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cochlear histopathology and hearing threshold immediately after noise exposure according to duration of noise exposure, and finally to draw relationship between the cochlear pathology and hearing threshold. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Each group of animals (6 ears) has been exposed for 10 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours to an octave band of noise with a center frequency of 4000 Hz and a sound pressure level of 110 dB. After noise exposure, the hearing thresholds of the subjects were determined with auditory brainstem response (ABR) and immediately their inner ear were fixed and observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: ABR thresholds were increased according to lengthening of duration of noise exposure. TEM findings of outer hair cells, Deiters' cells and ganglion cells showed more severe degeneration according to lengthening of duration of noise exposure. Damages of all kinds of cells appeared almost at the same time. CONCLUSION: Through the foregone study, cochlear pathology was proportioned to increased hearing threshold, and the damages of outer hair cells and ganglion cells appeared almost at the same time. It seems that not only damages of outer hair cells, but also damages of ganglion cells contribute to early hearing threshold shift during continuous intense noise exposure.
Animals ; Cochlea* ; Ear, Inner ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Ganglion Cysts ; Hair ; Hearing Loss ; Hearing* ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Noise ; Pathology ; Rats*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Quinolone-induced arthropathy is an unusual toxic effect observed in juvenile animals of multiple species. Such toxic effects are usually found in joint cartilages. The reports of chondrotoxic potential of quinolones in juvenile animals were mainly performed in weight bearing joints such as hips and knees. The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological changes in the incudomalleolar joint of immature rats dosed with ciprofloxacin, and to draw relationship between the incudomalleolar joint pathology and hearing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An experimental group of 21-day-old rats were administrated intraperitoneally with 200 mg ciprofloxacin/kg for 10 days. The hearing threshs of the control and experimental animals were determined with auditory brainstem response (ABR). Their ossicles were obtained and fixed, and we observed them with light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: The ABR threshs were increased in the ciprofloxacin administrated group, and the increased latency of the first waves were identified in the ciprofloxacin administrated group, but there were no differences in the interval of wave I-III. The LM findings of incudomalleolar joint in the ciprofloxacin administrated group showed cartilage lesions such as disrupted articilar surface, irregular cellularity of the chondrocytes, matrix swelling, cleft formation, decreased matrix staining. The TEM findings of the incudomalleolar joint cartilage in the ciprofloxacin administrated group showed decreased bundle-like matrix and cell process, condensed nucleus, and vacuolated cytoplasm. CONCLUSION: From the results of recent works and the present study, we suggest that ciprofloxacin may induce morphological changes in the incudomalleolar joint, and that such morphological changes may induce conductive hearing loss.
Animals ; Cartilage ; Chondrocytes ; Ciprofloxacin* ; Cytoplasm ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Hearing Loss, Conductive ; Hearing* ; Hip ; Joints* ; Knee ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Pathology ; Quinolones ; Rats* ; Weight-Bearing

OBJECTIVETo summarize the workflow, strategy and experience of prenatal genetic test for deafness based on the 6-year clinical practice.

METHODSThere were 213 families who received prenatal test from 2005 to 2011. Among the 213 families, 205 families had had one deaf child, including 204 couples with normal hearing and one couple of the deaf husband and normal wife, 8 families including 6 couples with normal hearing and 2 deaf couples, had no child before test. Genomic and mitochondrial DNA of each subject was extracted from whole blood. The etiology and recurrent risks in 212 families were confirmed by means of the genetic test of GJB2, SLC26A4 and mtDNA 12sRNA, but one family carried POU3F4 c.647G > A heterozygous mutation causing X-linked hereditary hearing impairment confirmed by pedigree study. The prenatal test was carried out during the pregnancy of all mothers from 11 to 30 weeks, and the following genetic information and counseling were supplied based on the results.

RESULTSThe recurrent risk was 25% in 209 families, including 204 families with one deaf child and 5 families without child, among which all couples were GJB2 or SLC26A4 mutation carriers and deaf children were caused by homozygous or compound GJB2/SLC26A4 mutations; The recurrent risk was 50% in 3 families, the father and his child in one family had compound SLC26A4 mutations and the mother with heterozygous SLC26A4 mutation, the wife had POU3F4 c.647G > A heterozygous mutation in another one family, and the husband with compound SLC26A4 mutations and the wife with mtDNA A1555G mutation and heterozygous SLC26A4 mutation simultaneously happened in the rest one family; The recurrent risk was 100% in one family of the deaf couple who were both found to carry homozygous or compound GJB2 mutations, and the deaf wife got pregnant by artificial insemination with the sperm from the local Human Sperm Bank. 226 times of prenatal test were applied in all 213 families that 11 families of them received prenatal test twice, and one family received three times. 46 times of prenatal testing showed that the fetuses carried parental mutations simultaneously or the same mutations with probands; while 180 times of prenatal test showed that the fetuses carried only one parental mutation or did not carry any mutation from parents. The following visit showed that all of these 180 families had given birth to babies who were all revealed to have normal hearing by new born hearing screening test.

CONCLUSIONSPrenatal diagnosis for deafness assisted by genetic test can provide efficient information about offspring's hearing condition, and the normative workflow and precise strategy highly guarantee the safe and favorable implementation of prenatal diagnosis.

Connexins ; genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Deafness ; diagnosis ; genetics ; prevention & control ; Female ; Genetic Testing ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Infant ; Pedigree ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis

OBJECTIVETo investigate the etiology of patients with severe to profound hearing loss and to identify the ratio of hereditary hearing loss in Chifeng area in Northern China.

METHODSDNA were extracted from peripheral blood of 134 deaf patients from Chifeng special educational school and 100 normal hearing controls in Northern China. Audiology examinations showed that all patients had severe to profound bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment. Sequence analysis of the whole coding areas of GJB2, GJB3, GJB6, SLC26A4, mtDNA12SrRNA and mtDNAtRNASer(UCN) were performed. Individuals carrying SLC26A4 mutation were given further temporal bone CT scan.

RESULTSThe ratio of hearing loss related to genetic factors in this population was 60.45% (81/134). About 33.58% (45/134) of the patients were given accurate genetic diagnosis. GJB2 mutations were responsible for approximately 17.16% of the cases in ChiFeng area. By screening SLC26A4 followed by temporal bone CT scan, we diagnosed 20 cases of enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) and/or other inner ear malformation. SLC26A4 mutations account for about 14.93% of the cases. The aminoglycoside-related mtDNA 1555A>G mutation accounted for 0.76% of the cases in Chifeng area. In addition, another 13.43% (18/134) of the cases carried heterozygous GJB2 mutation and their hearing loss may be related to GJB2. 6.72% (9/134) of the cases carried heterozygous SLC26A4 mutation who were not found EVA by temporal bone CT or not took CT examination for some reasons. However, their hearing loss may also be SLC26A4-related. About 2.24% (3/134) of the cases carried mtDNA 12SrRNA 1095 T>C which may also be an aminoglycoside-related mutation and very likely be the cause of hearing loss. GJB3 might participate in the pathomechanism of hearing loss in 1.49% (2/134) of the patients. GJB6 mutation was not detected in this population.

CONCLUSIONSThe ratio of hearing loss related to genetic factors in the sample drawing population from Chifeng was 60.45% (81 cases). GJB2 is the most common gene and SLC26A4 is the second common gene next to GJB2 that cause deafness in this area.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Connexin 26 ; Connexin 30 ; Connexins ; genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Hearing Loss ; epidemiology ; genetics ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Male ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; genetics ; Mutation ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEAnalyzed the molecular pathogenesis of probands by means of genetic test and assisted the local Family Planning Institute by providing prenatal genetic counseling and instruction for deaf families who eager to have more baby.

METHODSTotal of forty-three deaf families were recruited by two institutes for family planning from Guangzhou and Weifang. Forty-two families had one deaf child with normal hearing parents. One family was that parents and their child were all deaf. Genetic testing of GJB2, SLC26A4 and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 12SrRNA were firstly performed in probands and their parents, following medical history, physical examination, auditory test and CT scan of temporal bone were completed. And then the genetic information and instruction were provided to each deaf family.

RESULTSFifteen of these 43 families had positive results of genetic test. In fifteen families, one family was confirmed that the parents and their child all carried homozygous GJB2 mutations and the recurrence risk was 100%. Twelve families were confirmed that the probands carried homozygous/compound GJB2 or SLC26A4 mutations while their parents were GJB2 or SLC26A4 carriers, and the recurrence risk was 25%. One family was confirmed that the proband, diagnosed with enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome (EVAS) by CT scan, carried heterozygous SLC26A4 mutation from the mother, and the recurrence risk was still 25% based on the hereditary pattern of EVAS although another SLC26A4 mutation from the father was not found. One family was confirmed that the proband carried a heterozygous GJB2 mutation from the mother and the possibility to be GJB2 carrier for offsprings was 50%. The rest 28 families were that all probands and their parents did not carry GJB2, SLC26A4 and mtDNA 12SrRNA pathological mutation.

CONCLUSIONSGenetic testing can provide more accurate and useful prenatal genetic counseling and instruction to deaf families. Meanwhile, it is an ideal way to develop a cooperative relationship with the institute for family planning.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Connexin 26 ; Connexins ; genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; genetics ; Female ; Genetic Counseling ; Hearing Loss ; genetics ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Male ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; genetics