How the hosts recognize and clear invading viruses is one of the key issues in molecular immunology. Previous studies uncovered that many early antiviral proteins, such as Type Ⅰ interferons and PKR, are strongly induced upon virus infection. These proteins not only limit virus replication and spread or cause infected cells to undergo apoptosis, but also induce consequently expression of cytokines and chemokines to initiate acquired immunity. However, the immediate-early signaling events among host and virus interaction were largely unknown. In the past few years, there are great breakthroughs in this rapidly evolving field. TLR3 and RIG-I/MDA5 signaling pathways were shown to play a crucial regulatory role in antiviral processes. These pathways are essential for the vertebrate immune system to recognize and clear RNA virus with different strategies, which are integral parts of innate immune response and directly affect later-stage acquired immunity. The recent know-how on TLR3 and RIG-I/MDA5 signal transduction pathways and their roles in antiviral immunity were summarized.

0.05),respectively,and the cost-effectiveness ratios of 3 groups were 487.20,453.09,and 581.21,respectively.CONCLUSION:Quetiapine is the optimal one for schizophrenia in pharmacoeconomics.

0.05),but the incidence of adverse effects in ziprasidone group was markedly lower than in perphena-zine group.CONCLUSION: As compared with perphenazine,ziprasidone is more effective and safe with less side effects in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Objective:To establish an algorithm on the turnover ratio of drug inventory. Methods: According to the employed method in the commercial field on calculating the inventory turnover and the requirements in the review of three level hospitals by the National Health and Family Planning Commission, an appropriate method for calculating the turnover rate of drug inventory was de-duced. Meanwhile, a corresponding program was performed for the verification. Results:Only the day turnover could be obtained ac-cording to the algorithms on the inventory turnover in commercial field, and the circumstances of the sales could be replaced by the cur-rent sales to obtain the statistics at any given time, while there was remarkable difference between the calculated results and the actual results of some species. If the time in store was chosen as the statistical index, the problem could be avoided. Conclusion:The meth-od with drug storage time as the statistical index can calculate the inventory turnover ratio at any time precisely, which also can be pro-grammed automatically, and the proportion of available varieties meets the inspection requirements.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation in intervening constipation during chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.Method Ninety breast cancer patients undergone chemotherapy were randomized into a treatment group and a control group, 45 cases in each group. The control group was intervened by conventional nursing care, while the treatment group was additionally intervened by transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation. The clinical efficacies were compared between the two groups.Result The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group versus 73.3% in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01).Conclusion Transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation can effectively inhibit the incidence of constipation during chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.

Objective To evaluate the maternal age at delivery in Beijing and the effect of maternal age on pregnancy outcomes.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 14 970 singleton pregnancies from 15 hospitals in Beijing from June 20th to November 30th in 2013.These hospitals were sorted by the numbers of delivery and chosen as clusters by systemic cluster sampling method.The data of age,diagnosis with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-eclampsia (PE),neonatal birth weight,gestational age at delivery,postpartum hemorrhage and infants admitted to the neonatal ICU (NICU) were collected.The 14 970 women were divided into 5 groups according to their ages at delivery:(1) less than 20 years (n=205),(2)20-＜30 years (n=9 228),(3)30-＜35 years (n=4 365),(4)35-＜40 years (n=1 017),and (5) 40 years and older (n=155).T-test and x2 test were used for between-group comparison,and logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between age and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.Results (1) The mean maternal age at delivery in 2013 in Beijing was (28±4) years old.Among them,205 (1.4％,205/14 970) delivered under 20 years of age;1 172 (7.8％,1 172/14 970) ≥35 years;and 155 (1.O％,155/14 970) at 40 years and older.(2) The prevalence of diabetes,hypertension,overweight and obesity increased with age,and the incidence of these conditions were 3.4％,4.3％ and 31.4％ in women with advanced age,respectively.(3) Compared with 20-＜30 years group,less than 20 years was associated with significantly lower incidence of GDM [adjust OR (aOR)=0.393,95％ CI:0.222-0.696] and cesarean section rate (aOR=0.549,95％CI:0.391-0.771),and higher incidence of preterm birth (aOR=2.144,95％CI:1.256-3.662).Moreover,30-＜35 years,35-＜40 years and 40 years and older groups all had significantly higher risk of GDM (30-34 years,aOR=1.513,95％CI:1.374-1.666;35-＜40 years,aOR=2.094,95％CI:1.786-2.455;≥40 years,aOR=2.174,95％CI:1.492-3.167),preterm birth (aOR=1.219,95％CI:1.021-1.455;aOR=1.644,95％CI:1.251-2.161;aOR=2.141,95％CI:1.209-3.792),cesarean section (aOR=1.373,95％ CI:1.268-1.486;aOR=2.960,95％ CI:2.550-3.435;aOR=4.332,95％CI:2.920-6.426) and NICU admission rate (aOR=1.236,95％CI:1.059-1.443;aOR=1.337,95％CI:1.018-1.756;aOR=2.389,95％CI:1.385-4.121),when compared to the 20-＜30 years of age group.Higher incidence of PE (aOR=1.292,95％CI:1.007-1.659) and postpartum hemorrhage (aOR=1.224,95％CI:1.048-1.429) were also noted in women of 30-＜35 years,compared to 20-＜30 years group respectively.Conclusion Both advanced maternal age and adolescent pregnancy are associated with increasing risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Objective:To observe the effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) in osteoblast cells through an in vitro breast cancer cell and osteoblast cell co-culture system. Methods:The metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 or MDA-MB-435 cells were co-cultured with osteoblast MG63 cells to establish an in vitro microenvironment of bone metastasis of breast cancer. After treated with CGRP(1?108 mol/L),OPG and RANKL mRNA and protein expressions in osteoblast MG63 cells were examined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results:Expression of RANKL in osteoblast MG63 cells was up-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels when osteoblast MG63 cells were co-cultured with breast cancer MDA-MB-231 or MDA-MB-435 cells,while those of OPG in osteoblast MG63 cells were both down-regulated (P

The investigation on the leaves of Morus alba L. was carried out to find the relationship of the constituents and the pharmacological activities. The isolation and purification were performed by various chromatographies such as silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, RP-C18 column chromatography and so on. Further detailed investigation on the fraction of the ethanol extract of leaves of Morus alba yielded four Diels-Alder type adducts mulberrofuran F1 (1), mulberrofuran F (2), chalcomoracin (3), kuwanon J (4), together with two chalcones morachalcone A (5), isobavachalcone (6), and three flavones norartocarpetin (7), kuwanon C (8), 6-geranylapigenin (9). Their structures were elucidated by the spectral analysis such as NMR, MS etc. Compounds 1, 6 were isolated from this plant for the first time, compounds 4-5, 7-9 were isolated from the leaves of Morus alba L. for the first time, among which 1 was a new compound. Compounds 1-5 were evaluated for the cytotoxicity against A549, Be17402, BGC823, HCT-8 and A2780 cell lines in vitro by MTT method, but only compounds 1-3 showed cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines.

Locking compression plate(LCP)functions as an internal fixator in orthopedic surgery.It is a new screw-plate system developed by combining the traditional plating techniques with the principles of AO internal fixator.Compared with them,LCP omits pre-bending,avoids large-area exposure of fracture site,minimizes the damage to soft tissue,significantly reduces implant failure and decreases the incidence of infection and bone non-union.In addition,LCP can function as internal fixator with multiple anchor points to improve stability.All these properties of LCP accord with BO internal fixation principles and expand the application in the treatment of complex fracture.However,it is still not uncertain about the appropriate application of LCP including plate length,appearance,and type,and principles of screw application such as the number,type,sequence and position of screws.