This paper aims to develop a method for the determination of aloe-emodin, rhein, chrysophanol and physcion and study the pharmacokinetic properties of four anthraquinones in rat plasma after oral administration of gardenia and rhubarb decoction. The plasma concentrations at different time points of four anthraquinones were determined by HPLC-FLD method. Plasma samples were extracted with liquid-liquid extraction procedure. Plasma samples were separated on a C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 μm), using 0.2% acetic acid and methanol as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min(-1) with gradient elution. The excitation and emission wavelengths were set at 430, 525 nm, respectively. DAS 2.0 software was applied to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. The results showed four anthraquinones can be absorbed. The main parameters of aloe-emodin, rhein, chrysophanol and physcion were as follows: C(max) for aloe-emodin was (0.085 ± 0.058), (3.772 ± 1.152), (0.464 ± 0.267), (0.028 ± 0.008) mg x L(-1) respectively; t(max) for rhein was (1.042 ± 0.510), (0.805 ± 0.307), (1.167 ± 0.283), (0.616 ± 0.162) h respectively; t½ for chrysophanol was (3.557 ± 1.250), (6.879 ± 1.126), (5.196 ± 2.032), (4.337 ± 1.816) h; AUC(0-t) for physcion was (0.504 ± 0.130), (9.558 ± 1.106), (2.545 ± 1.554), (0.052 ± 0.018) mg x h x L(-1). This paper developed a selective, accurate and sensitive HPLC-FLD method for the simultaneous determination of four anthraquiones in rat plasma.
Animals ; Anthraquinones ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; instrumentation ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Branchio-Oto-Renal Syndrome ; Child ; Humans ; Male

Objective:To explore the learning experience of the medical massive open online course (MOOC) teaching design standard system constructed by the research group in the early stage.Methods:In this study, the questionnaire was adapted from four dimensions: academic analysis, curriculum content design, teaching process design, and teaching evaluation design, including 519 students majoring in clinical medicine of a university who had studied MOOC cases like "Ultra-early Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Cerebral Infarction" based on the system. SPSS 25.0 was used for statistical analysis.Results:The system had a high degree of recognition in all dimensions, with 64.5% of academic analysis, 57.6% of content design, 54.5% of teaching design process, and 59.3% of teaching evaluation design.Conclusion:The study has found that the medical MOOC teaching design system has good learning experience effect. According to the data feedback, the key teaching design points such as the core factors of learning experience analysis and the suitability of teaching content in the practical operation of teaching design has been explored, providing the practical basis and method reference for the design of medical MOOC teaching design.

OBJECTIVEIt laid the foundation of the large sample data mining for a comprehensive summary concerning four properties theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and also provided theory clues on determination of four properties for the new resource development of TCM and the clinical use of Chinese medicine.

METHODFour properties data of 8 980 Chinese medicines from "Chinese herbal medicine (CHM)" and associated function index data were chose as data sets. Then, the IBM SPSS Clementine 14.1 data mining platform and Apriori model were adopted to mining classification-association rules, setting the minimum support threshold of rule antecedent and the minimum confidence threshold as 0.5% and 60%.

RESULT11 classification-association rules involved in warm, cold and mild natures were found.

CONCLUSIONIt was discovered that the TCM with functions of "dispelling wind-cold, warming the middle, stopping pain and expelling wind-removing dampness, tonifying kidney yang, unblocking meridians and expelling wind-removing dampness, dispelling cold to stop pain, strengthening sinews-bones and expelling wind-removing dampness" was likely warm-natured, with functions of "tonifying the lung" was likely mild-natured, and with functions of " clearing heat and drying dampness, clearing heat and purging fire, eliminating restlessness" was likely cold-natured.

OBJECTIVEIn order to provide theoretical clues and data support for the use of Chinese medicine clinical drug, experimental study of Chinese materia medica and development of new resources of Chinese materia medica, the four properties as the core, the relationships of property, flavor, channel tropism and toxicity in nature data of Chinese materia medica were analyzed.

METHODThe spearman rank correlation method was employed to analyze 8 356 Chinese drugs with characteristic of four properties from " Chinese Herbal Medicine" based on data level coding.

RESULTIt was discovered that four properties showed significant positive correlations with tastes of "pungent and sweet" , channels of "spleen" , "stomach" , "kidney" and "toxicity" , but also showed significant negative correlations with tastes of "bitter" and "light" and six channels such as "large intestine" , "heart", "bladder" , "gallbladder" , "small intestine" and "lung" (in descending order of correlation ) (P <0. 01).

CONCLUSIONIt was indicated that the more hot the Chinese medicine nature, the more possible it contained "toxicity" , tastes of "pungent" and "sweet" , and the more possible it was belong to channels of "spleen" , "stomach" and "kidney". As well, the more cold the Chinese medicine nature, the more possible it contained tastes of "bitter" and "light", and the more possible it was belong to six channels such as "large intestine", etc.

This study is to screen the Chinese herbal compounds which could inhibit the production of Abeta and investigate the underlying mechanism. Ten types of compounds which have potential value in the treatment of AD were selected as initial screening trial. The cell models which used could overexpress Abeta and beta-secretases or Abeta and gamma-secretases. Extracellular Abeta was determined by ELISA after the cell models treated with different concentrations of compounds (0.5-100 micromol x L(-1)), separately. Then the compounds were selected which could inhibit extracellular Abeta and their best concentration ranges were decided, too. Furthermore, the cell viability and apoptosis rate, the level of intracellular Abeta, beta and gamma-secretases were determined after the cell models treated with different concentrations of selected compounds. The results showed that 4 of the 10 compounds could reduce the level of extracellular Abeta; they were cryptotanshinone, astragalosides, gastrodin and paeoniflorin, and their best concentration ranges were 0.5-5.0, 0.5-5.0, 5.0-50, 1.0-25 micromol x L(-1), respectively. Further study indicated that the 4 selected compounds were nontoxic to the cellular models and lowering intracellular Abeta were more effective compared with extracellular; of which astragalosides and gastrodin showed dose-dependent inhibition to the activities of beta and gamma-secretases, with the maximum inhibiting rates of 78.2% and 80.3%, respectively. In conclusion, cryptotanshinone, astragalosides, gastrodin and paeoniflorin could inhibit the expression and secretion of Abeta, and the underlying inhibiting mechanism of astragalosides and gastrodin were related with the reduction of the beta and gamma-secretase activities, respectively.
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ; metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Apoptosis ; Benzyl Alcohols ; pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Glucosides ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Monoterpenes ; pharmacology ; Phenanthrenes ; pharmacology ; Saponins ; pharmacology

To systematically summarize the evidence on the effectiveness of measures regarding tobacco control in China. Papers on several databases published between 1990 and 2009were systematically searched. Methods in American Guide to Community Preventive Services were used to evaluate the quality and strength of evidence on the effectiveness of tobacco control programs.Overall, 282 studies were included in this paper, but only 75 (26.41%) studies had acceptable execution quality. Items as pharmaceutical therapy and behavior intervention in the smoking population that would show sufficient evidence on the effectiveness of the programs. In general population, multi-component intervention programs appeared to be effective. However, the effectiveness regarding items as clinical consultation, therapy with traditional Chinese medicine,education programs alone, non-smoking related laws and regulations etc. were of insufficient evidence. The overall execution quality of intervention studies on tobacco control in China was considered to be poor and few of them would show the evidence on the effectiveness of the programs. Only few studies on non-smoking related laws and regulations touched upon the positive effectiveness on this issue. We suggested that the execution and evaluation on non-smoking related laws and regulations be strengthened.

Objective To explore the ultrasound contrast agent (SonoVue) effects upon rabbit testis which were injured after the acute unilateral complete torsion-detorsion and its related mechanisms,on the condition of the diagnostic ultrasound radiation with different doses and different imaging modes.Methods 35 healthy New Zealand white adult rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups(S,A,B,C,and D),with 7 in each group.Left testis needed ischemia reperfusion after complete 3 hours.Group S:reperfusion without SonoVue group;group A:small-dose (0.1 ml/kg) SonoVue conventional imaging group;group B:high-dose (1 ml/kg) SonoVue conventional imaging group ; group C:small-dose (0.1 ml/kg) SonoVue blasting group; group D:high dose(1 ml/kg) SonoVue blasting group.Groups needed ultrasonic imaging before operation and 24 hour reperfusion.The changes for each group's contrast parameters were analyzed.The contents of malondialdehyde(MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of testicular tissue were detected,and the expressions of Caspase 3 were examined after 24 hours to make a comparison study among these groups.Results In group D,the time to peak(TTP) and half of declining time(DT/2) were significantly prolonged (P ＜ 0.05),peak-base indensity (PBD) was significantly descended (P ＜ 0.05),and the time-intensity curve manifested that the peak was lower and delayed.SOD in C was lower slightly than in group S.Compared with other groups,SOD in group D decreased,and MDA increased (P ＜ 0.05).Under light microscope,the Johnen's scores in groups A,B,C showed no difference with group S2 (P ＞0.05),while were lower compared with group D (P ＜0.05).Compared with others groups,apoptosis index(AI) and Caspase-3 in group D increased with significance (P ＜0.05).Conclusions Under the diagnostic ultrasound radiation,when conventional imaging and small-does imaging blasted,they did not aggravate the ischemia testicular,while for high-dose,it aggravated.

piRNA(Piwi-interacting RNA) is a novel class of small single strand RNA that were recently isolated from testes of the mammals, associate with PIWI proteins, and are organized into distinct genomic clusters. These RNAs are typically 30 nt long, strikingly different from microRNAs in their length, expression pattern, and genomic organization. piRNA has a role in RNA silencing via the formation of an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) with Piwi proteins, these piRNA complexes (piRCs) have been linked to transcriptional gene silencing of retrotransposons and other genetic elements in germ line cells, particularly those in spermatogenesis.Recent researches and progresses of piRNAs are reviewed.

Objective To study the X-ray signs of forearm and leg in skeletal fluorosis and its diagnostic value,aim at finding the easy examination parts.Methods One thousand four hundred and forty subjects were examined using developed shield,darkroom and other portable dedicated device combined with a small X-ray machine.A total of 384 cases were diagnosed skeletal fluorosis.All patients were divided into different groups and the time,degree and range of X-ray to the forearm and calf elbow,knee,and long bone were compared.Results The X-ray change in the forearm elbow was earlier than that of the leg knee,and trabecular bone change was the earliest indicator,197 cases and 157 cases,respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =28.006,P ＜ 0.01).Membrane ossification of forearm backbone was earlier than that of the leg,and most of them were degree Ⅰ photos,213 cases and 126 cases respectively.The difference was statistically significant (x2 =17.626,P ＜ 0.01).The direction of the interosseous membrane ossification was from the forearm radius to the ulna,then to the fibula and tibia,and was accompanied by changes in the aggravation of forearm.A variety of indicators were observed,especially the membrane ossification in bone and joint trabecular bone and the long bone was the most active,and the forearm was more sensitive,obviously than that of the calf.Conclusion In the X-ray screening or detection of endemic fluorosis,the forearm radiography is a simple,economical,and effective diagnostic method.