Currently,three predominant subtypes of influenza virus are prevalent in pig populations worldwide:H1N1,H3N2,and H1N2.European avian-like H1N1 viruses,which were initially detected in European pig populations in 1979,have been circulating in pigs in eastern China since 2007.In this study,six influenza A viruses were isolated from 60 swine lung samples collected from January to April 2011 in eastern China.Based on whole genome sequencing,molecular characteristics of two isolates were determined.Phylogenetic analysis showed the eight genes of the two isolates were closely related to those of the avian-like H1N1 viruses circulating in pig populations,especially similar to those found in China.Four potential glycosylation sites were observed at positions 13,26,198,277 in the HA1 proteins of the two isolates.Due to the presence of a stop codon at codon 12,the isolates contained truncated PB1-F2 proteins.In this study,the isolates contained 591Q,627E and 701N in the polymerase subunit PB2,which had been shown to be determinants of virulence and host adaptation.The isolates also had a D rather than E at position 92 of the NS1,a marker of mammalian adaptation.Both isolates contained the GPKV motif at the PDZ ligand domain of the 3' end of the NS1,a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1999,which is distinct from those of avian,human and classical swine viruses.The M2 proteins of the isolates have the mutation (S31N),a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1987,which may confer resistance to amantadine and rimantadine antivirals.Our findings further emphasize the importance of surveillance on the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses in pigs,and raise more concerns about the occurrence of cross-species transmission events.

To understand Lophatherum gracile plant community's structural characteristics, a survey of community structure and species diversity was conducted through quadrat sampling in Yongchuan district of Chongqing. The results showed that there were 386 species vascular plants, belonging to 117 families and 229 genera. Based on habitat, community structure and species composition, L. gracile were found in three community types: Pinus massoniana community, banboo community, shurb community. Vertical structure was composed of three layers, including tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. Species in shrub layer was the richness. P. massoniana is the only dominant species of the community, it can not regenerate naturally, the shrub layer has a greater effect on the community of L. gracile in the future. In addition, the banboo community and shurb community is not stable because of human's activity. Therefore, the community characters of L. gracile should be taken care of conservation when the resources are utilized.
China ; Ecosystem ; Pinus ; physiology ; Plants ; Poaceae ; physiology

Objective To study the prevalence of mental disorders among the Chinese youths aged 15-34 years,in rural areas and to identify risk factors related to suicide.Methods A consecutive sampling strategy was used for suicidal cases in 16 randomly selected counties in Hunan,Liaoning,and Shandong provinces.Between 2005 and 2008,a total of 392 suicide cases were recruited with 416 community controls at the same age range,selected from the same areas one family member together with one close friend of each suicidal case were interviewed,using the psychological autopsy (PA) method.The same method with structured instruments was performed on the two informants for each control in the same community.SCID was used for the diagnosis of mental disease.Results 48.0％ of the suicides were diagnosed as having at least one mental disorder episode,in comparison with only 3.8％ among the controls.It was found that mental disorder was the most important risk factor for the Chinese young suicide cases in the rural areas.Conclusion As seen in the Western countries,mental disorder had also been the number one correlate on suicidal cases in China,with the difference as other social and psychological factors might have played relatively more important roles in China.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of attention networks impairment in Parkinson' s disease patients.Methods Attention network test was performed in 28 PD patients and 28 normal controls on the efficiency of three anatomically defined attentional networks:alerting,orienting,and executive control.Results The correct rate of attention network test was significantly lower(P0.05).The relative analysis showed that the Hoehn Yahr stage was positively correlated with the value of executive netwok(r=0.794,P

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of ursolic acid (UA) on the alloxan-induced kidney injury in diabetic mice and explored its possible mechanisms.

METHODSDiabetes mellitus was induced in male Kunming mice by an injection of alloxan (70 mg/kg, i.v.). After 72 hours, blood glucose levels were detected and mice with blood glucose levels over 13.9 mmol/L were considered as diabetic and selected for further experiment. Thirty mice were randomly divided into three groups: control, diabetic and diabetic + UA(35 mg/kg/d, i.g. continuously for 8 weeks). Blood glucose concentration, organ coefficient of kidney, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) as well as renal tissue levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined. Pathology of the renal tissue was measured by hematoxylin-eosin staining.

RESULTSCompared to the control group, blood glucose, organ coefficient of kidney, BUN and Cr increased significantly. In addition, SOD activities was reduced markedly and levels of MDA and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6) increased significantly. Renal cells from model group rats showed atrophy and disordered after HE staining and infiltration of inflammatory cells also appeared in renal tissue of the model group. These changes were significantly attenuated in the diabetic group treated with UA.

CONCLUSIONUA can significantly relieve renal damage in mice with diabetic nephropathy induced by alloxan, which might be related to decreased blood glucose level, antioxidation effect and inhibiting the production of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-6.

Alloxan ; adverse effects ; Animals ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Creatinine ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; physiopathology ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Kidney ; physiopathology ; Male ; Mice ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Triterpenes ; pharmacology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo screen the optimum formulation and prepare O/W sinomenine microemulsion and investigate its in vitro transdermal delivery ability.

METHODThe microemulsions were prepared with the formulation containing oleic acid-tween 80-dehydrated alcohol-water by the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The permeation flux of sinomenine was determined in vitro by Franz diffusion cell fitted with rat skin. The sinomenine was determined by HPLC. The transdermal characteristics of sinomenine microemulsion were compared with that of sinomenine gels.

RESULTThe steady state flux of sinomenine microemulsion was significantly higher than that of sinomenine gels. The average permeation rate of sinomenine microemulsion was 116. 44 microg x cm(-2) x h(-1) in vitro.

CONCLUSIONThese results indicated that the studied microemulsion system with high permeation rate may be a potential vehicle for the transdermal delivery of sinomenine.

Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Emulsions ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Male ; Morphinans ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics ; Oleic Acid ; chemistry ; Particle Size ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Polysorbates ; chemistry ; Rats ; Sinomenium ; chemistry ; Skin ; metabolism ; Skin Absorption ; Surface-Active Agents ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate the efficacy and action mechanism of Shengjing Tablets in the treatment liquefaction.

METHODSWe randomly assigned 150 patients with semen non-liquefaction to receive Shengjing Tablets group, n = 100) and vitamin E capsules (control group, n = 50) for 2 courses of 45 days each, followed by observation liquefaction time and other semen parameters.

RESULTSAfter the first course, 68 of the patients in the treatment group 20 responded and 12 failed to respond; and after the second course, 84 were cured, 9 responded and 7 failed to respond, effective rate of 93.0%. In comparison, only 8 of the controls were cured, 8 responded and 34 failed to respond after medication. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the treatment showed obvious improvement in sperm motility and concentration.

CONCLUSIONShengjing Tablets may shorten the time liquefaction, and can be used as a safe and effective therapy for semen non-liquefaction.

Adult ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Male ; Phytotherapy ; Semen ; Sperm Count ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND: In the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with percutaneous vertebroplasty, the efficacy and safety of bone cement injection by unipedicular and bipedicular approaches are still controversial. Some studies suggest that bone cement injection via unipedicular approach can shorten operation time and reduce postoperative complications, while the other studies suggest that bone cement injection via bipedicular approach can make bone cement distribute more evenly in the vertebral body and relieve pain better. OBJECTIVE: To systematically assess the efficacy and safety of percutaneous vertebroplasty via unipedicular versus bipedicular approach in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials about unipedicular versus bipedicular percutaneous vertebroplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture published before September 18 t h, 2018 were retrieved in the PubMed, Cochrane library, Embase, CNKI, VIP, WanFang data and CBM. Two researchers independently screened all the literatures, carried out data extraction and used improved Jadad to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies. Meta-analysis using Revam 5.3 was conducted. Egger's test was utilized to evaluate the publication bias. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 14 randomized controlled trials including 900 cases were eventually included, 452 cases in unipedicular approach group and 448 cases in bipedicular approach group. The Meta-analysis results showed that compared with the bipedicular approach, the unipedicular approach required shorter operation time [weighted mean difference (WMD) =-16.59, 95％ confidence interval (CI) (-19.25, -13.94), P < 0.001], smaller amount of bone cement injected [WMD=-1.27, 95％ CI (-1.64, -0.89), P < 0.001], and had lower incidence of cement leakage [relative risk=0.70, 95％ CI (0.53, 0.92), P =0.01]. There were no significant differences in short-and long-term Visual Analogue Scale scores, short-and long-term Oswestry Disability Index scores, and the postoperative incidence of adjacent vertebral fractures between the two groups (P> 0.05). Overall, bone cement injection both via bipedicular and unipedicular approaches can lead to a significant improvement in pain relief and living quality of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture patients, but bone cement injection via unipedicular approach can shorten operation time, reduce cement volume and lower the incidence of cement leakage compared with the bipedicular approach.

Objective To evaluate the CT findings of lymphofollicular thymic hyperplasia in adult myasthenia gravis (MG).Methods The CT findings of thymus area of 134 adult patients with lymphofolficular thymic hyperplasia in MG were reviewed,all of them with surgically and histologically proven diagnosis,and compared with the CT findings of 165 normal subjects.Results In the group of patient,CT showed enlargement of thymus in 31 patients,5 patients had nodule or mass(＜3 cm);thus 36 cases(26.9%)can confirmed diagnose by CT with thymic hyperplasia.CT showed 2 masses(＞3 em) and 9 patients(6.7%)had normal size thymus with soft-tissue density,it can considered with thymic hyperplasia.The spotty or streak shadow showed in other patients,though it could not be certain diagnosed as thymic hyperplasia,but could not be except it.The thymus area tissue complete replacement by fatty density were not found in patient group.The CT findings of patients had marked difference when compared with group of normal subjects(P＜0.01),except the spotty or streak shadows.Conclusion CT scan is an important method in diagnosing thymic lymphofollicular hyperplasia of MG in adult.

ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) on the short-term prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis and the risk factors for the prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of the patients with liver cirrhosis who were hospitalized in our hospital from September 2018 to March 2020, among whom 58 patients with PVT were enrolled as PVT group and 116 patients without PVT were enrolled as non-PVT group, and 44 patients were selected from each group based on propensity score matching (PSM) at a ratio of 1∶1 to balance the covariates between groups. The t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups; the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. The Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank method were used to analyze survival status and bleeding before and after PSM, and the Cox risk model was used to analyze the risk factors for the prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis. ResultsBefore PSM, the non-PVT group had a significantly higher overall survival rate than the PVT group (P=0.008), while after PSM, there was no significant difference in overall survival rate between the two groups (P=0.076). Before PSM, the non-PVT group had significantly lower incidence rates of upper gastrointestinal bleeding or rebleeding than the PVT group before and after PSM (P＜0.001), and the results after PSM were consistent with those before PSM (P=0.028). The multivariate analysis of the prognosis of the patients with liver cirrhosis before PSM showed that PVT (hazard ratio ［HR］=2.944, 95% confidence interval ［CI］: 1.364-6.441, P=0.007) and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score ≥15 (HR=3.531, 95% CI: 1.630-7.650, P=0.001) were risk factors for short-term death of the patients with liver cirrhosis, and the multivariate analysis after PSM showed that MELD score ≥15 (HR=3.312, 95% CI: 1.049-10457, P=0.041) was a risk factor for short-term death of the patients with liver cirrhosis. ConclusionLiver cirrhosis with PVT increases the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding or rebleeding, but it is not an independent risk factor for short-term death in patients with liver cirrhosis. MELD score ≥15 is an independent risk factor for short-term death in patients with liver cirrhosis.