There have more than toxic microbial and viruses in the list of bioweapon for the bioterrorism and biowar. The fights for bioterrorism and biodisaster are activities of society and community. Individuals and community have responsibilities to protect, fight, and reduce the damage timely and effectively to bioterrorism. The professional facilities are responsible for investigating, isolating the germs, toxics and implementing the effective solutions for management of outcomes of bioweapon.
Virology ; war

Bodily Secretions ; virology ; Humans ; Pharynx ; virology ; Pneumonia ; diagnosis ; virology ; Respiratory System ; virology

In the year 2003, 525 specimens seem to be infected with Dengue fever/Dengue haemorrhagic fever in the Northern Vietnam were sent to the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, those specimens with IgM, IgG antibodies against Dengue virus was 85 cases (16.2%). In 2003, the number of Dengue fever/Dengue haemorrhagic fever was sporadic distributed in some provinces. Owing to active prevention of Dengue fever/Dengue haemorrhagic fever, so Dengue virus type 2 discovered early in Ha Tay, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An and Tay Nguyen provinces; Dengue virus type 1 in Ha Noi, Nghe An, Tay Nguyen provinces and Dengue virus type 4 in Ha Tinh, Thanh Hoa, and Tay Nguyen provinces
Dengue ; epidemiology ; Serology ; Virology

The authors reported a PCR-based protocol for the detection of Human papilloma virus in vaginal swab speci
Papilloma ; Papilloma/virology ; Diagnosis

The research on intracellular trafficking of adenovirus has been described mainly through observations of subgroup C adenoviruses in transformed cell lines. The basic elements of the trafficking pathway include binding to receptors at the cell surface, internalization by endocytosis, lysis of the endosomal membrane, escape to the cytosol, intracellular trafficking along microtubules, nuclear pore docking, and viral genome translocation into the nucleus. More than 80% of the adenovirus genome is delivered to the nucleus in a highly efficient manner in approximately 1 h. However, exceptions to this trafficking pattern have been noted, including: variations based on target cell type, cell physiology, and adenovirus serotype. This review summarizes mechanism of adenovirus infection pathway and intracellular trafficking, providinging a foundation for the development of clinical adenoviral vector.
Adenoviridae ; physiology ; Cell Membrane ; virology ; Cell Nucleus ; virology ; Cytoplasm ; virology ; Endocytosis ; Endosomes ; virology ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Microtubules ; Virus Internalization

With the development of biomolecular technology, more human papillomavirus (HPV) types have been found to be related with various diseases. High-risk HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 61 have shown causal relationship with cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, oral cavity, and oropharynx. Low-risk HPV 6 and 11 have shown causal relationship with genital warts. HPV may also cause cancer of the larynx. However, the relationships between HPV and esophagus and lung cancers are still controversial.
Humans ; Neoplasms ; virology ; Papillomaviridae ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the mitochondrial injury in enterovirus 71 (EV71)-infected Vero cells and explore the possible mechanism.

METHODSA clinical isolate of EV71 was inoculated to Vero cells and the EV71 antigen was detected by immunofluorescence assay. The morphological changes of Vero cells were observed using optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The diameter and area density of the viral particles and the ratio and area density of vacuolated mitochondria in the cells were measured on the ultrastructural images.

RESULTSEV71-infected Vero cells underwent obvious changes and to a spherical morphology followed by cell death EV71 particles were detected in the cytoplasm by immunofluorescence. Ultrastructurally, the infected cells contained a large number of viral particles in the cytoplasm, with a clustered distribution and lattice-like arrangement. The diameter of the particles were 16.3 nm and the mean area density was 38.3%. Most of the mitochondria presented with swelling, vacuoles and degeneration. The ratio of the vacuolated mitochondria was 90.9% with a mean area density of 89.2%. Viral particles were also found in some mitochondria.

CONCLUSIONEV71 proliferates in the cytoplasm and invades the mitochondria of infected Vero cells leading to mitochondrial injury and cell death, suggesting that mitochondria are the targets for EV71 infection.

Animals ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Cytoplasm ; virology ; Enterovirus ; Enterovirus Infections ; pathology ; Humans ; Mitochondria ; pathology ; virology ; Vero Cells ; virology

Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is a novel virus that mainly causes respiratory tract infection, and it has the characteristic of genome of Parvovirus, containing three open reading frames that encode non-structural proteins NS1 and NP1 and structural proteins VP1 and VP2. Circular episome is present during the rolling circle replication of HBoV1, which provides the possibility of full genome amplification and infectious clone construction to save HBoV1. The recombination between HBoV1 and HBoV2-4 occurs frequently. With the three-dimensional culture, in vitro culture of HBoV1 provides a powerful tool for research on the pathogenesis of HBoV1. This review focuses on the molecular characteristics, association with diseases, in vitro culture, diagnosis and treatment of HBoV1.
Diarrhea ; virology ; Genomics ; Human bocavirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Humans ; Meningitis ; virology ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; virology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the susceptibility of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to oral infection with bat Japanese encephalitis virus isolates (GD1 and HN2 strains).

METHODSAedes albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were infected orally by GD1 and HN2 strains of bat Japanese encephalitis virus. TaqMan real-time PCR was used to detect the virus and monitor the changes in the viral loads in Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus at a 2-day interval, starting from 4 days till 20 days after the infection.

RESULTSThe infected Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were found positive for the Japanese encephalitis virus from day 4 to day 20. Both Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were susceptible to infection by GD1 and HN2 strains, but the latter showed a greater susceptibility. The HN2 strain virus appeared to have a greater virulence than the GD1 strain.

CONCLUSIONAedes albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus can carry GD1 and HN2 strains of bat Japanese encephalitis virus isolates.

Aedes ; virology ; Animals ; Chiroptera ; virology ; Culex ; virology ; Disease Susceptibility ; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese ; isolation & purification

Adult ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Humans ; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic ; virology ; Male ; Nose Neoplasms ; virology ; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms ; virology