Equipment Design ; Gastrostomy ; instrumentation ; methods ; Humans

Surgery in spastic lower extremities among cerebral palsy is reserved for patients with a reasonable chance to ambulate, to correct the spastic deformity and to improve gait. This study aims to assess the local results of various soft tissue operations such as adductor tenotomy, hamstring release, tendon of Achilles lengthening and tendon transfers. From December 1989 to January 1992, twenty one cerebral palsy children were included in this study. Preoperatively, two of these 21 patients were freely ambulatory. After surgery, 14 were free ambulators and 7 were crutch walkers. These results showed that soft tissue surgery is effective. Combined with intensive physical therapy, optimum ambulatory function of spastic cerebral palsy patients can be achieved. (Author)

Human ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Child Preschool ; Muscle Spasticity ; Cerebral Palsy ; Tenotomy ; Tendon Transfer ; Walkers ; Crutches ; Gait ; Achilles Tendon ; Lower Extremity

With increasing globalization and a trend towards international harmonization of standards for the care and use of animals in research and testing,there is a significant need to assist and support countries to develop training programs for laboratory animal veterinarians. Although formal educational opportunities for training laboratory animal veterinarians exist through well-established specialty colleges of laboratory animal medicine such as ACLAM,ECLAM,JCLAM,and KCLAM or through other professional organisations,such as the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations ( FELASA ),opportunities for participating in these programs are often limited to veterinarians in North America,Western Europe and specific regions of Asia. Creative thinking is required to develop cost-effective,practical,entry-level and advanced continuing education and applied training programs for veterinarians working in the field of laboratory animal medicine around the world.This paper will describe one potential solution for this issue,the use of a distance education program that provides theoretical information in a virtual classroom with applied training modules to deliver knowledge and practical skills to laboratory animal veterinarians.This type of program takes advantage of the online learning environment and can be an effective means to deliver training at the grassroots level to adult learners.

Persons with HIV infection are vulnerable to mental health problems. The most common mental health problems among those infected with HIV are Depressive Disorders and Anxiety Disorders. HIV infection can also have direct effects on the central nervous system resulting in neuropsychiatric consequences like HIV encephalopathy, depression, mania, cognitive disorder and dementia. Substance use disorders are also common co-morbid conditions present among HIV infected persons. Refugees and asylum seekers are at a greater risk to develop mental health problems compared to the general population. Depressive Disorders, Anxiety Disorders and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder are commonly detected among refugees who seek health care. Thus being a refugee and also being infected by HIV increases the risk of developing mental health problems. Mental health problems have implications on treatment seeking behaviours and treatment adherence. There is a reluctance to report psychological distress because of the stigma associated with psychiatric illnesses especially for HIV infected individuals who are already living with the stigma of HIV. The lack of skill of many health care professionals in detecting psychological symptoms also impacts on the making of diagnoses of psychiatric disorders in this population of patients. These factors are of importance because mental health issues have a negative impact on treatment adherence. This presentation will aim to explore mental health issues pertinent to refugees who are infected by HIV utilizing a few case studies.