No abstract available.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*

No abstract available.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*

Patients with diabetes have an earlier onset and increased severity of anaemia compared to those with similar degree of renal impairment from other causes. Anaemia is associated with an increased risk of vascular complications. In this study, we determined the prevalence of anaemia in T2DM patients and its association with sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory parameters in an endocrine tertiary hospital in Malaysia. This was a cross-sectional study using retrospective electronic data from January 2011 to December 2013 of 165 T2DM patients in Hospital Putrajaya. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 21.0 for Windows. The prevalence of anaemia was 39.4% and majority had normocytic normochromic (80%), mild (58.5%) anaemia. Majority were Malays (73.9%), aged below 60 with comparable gender percentage and long-standing, poorly-controlled DM [median fasting blood sugar (FBS) 8mmol/L; glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 7.9%]. Using the KDIGO chronic kidney disease (CKD) staging system, 86% of these patients were in stages 3-5. Anaemic patients had a significantly higher serum urea, creatinine and a lower FBS, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) compared to non-anaemic patients. Anaemic patients with diabetic nephropathy had a significantly lower haemoglobin (Hb) compared to those without this complication (p=0.022). The sensitivity and specificity at a cut-off eGFR value of 38.3 ml/min/1.73 m2 (maximum Youden index = 0.462) was 66.7% and 79.5%, respectively to discriminate mild from moderate anaemia. This study shows that anaemia is already present in T2DM patients in Hospital Putrajaya at initial presentation to the specialist outpatient clinic and is significantly associated with CKD. Hence, it emphasises the obligatory need for routine and follow-up full blood count monitoring in T2DM patients in primary care as well as tertiary settings in Malaysia to enable early detection and aggressive correction of anaemia in preventing further complications.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

The glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) test is the most widely accepted laboratory test for evaluating long term glycaemic control. Patient’s understanding of HbA1c can lead to better glycaemic control. This study is aimed to determine the awareness and level of understanding of HbA1c among type 2 DM patients and its association with glycaemic control. A cross-sectional descriptive study among Type 2 DM patients undergoing routine follow up in an endocrine clinic of a tertiary centre in Malaysia. Patients were invited to answer a validated questionnaire which assessed their awareness and understanding of HbA1c. Their last HbA1c results were retrieved from the laboratory information system. A total of 92 participants were recruited. Fifty-six (60.9%) were aware of the term HbA1c. Fifty percent were categorised as having good HbA1c understanding, with age, monthly income and level of education being the factors associated with understanding. No significant association was noted between HbA1c understanding and glycaemic control, although more patients with good HbA1c understanding had achieved the target glycaemic control compared to those with poor understanding. The level of HbA1c awareness and understanding was acceptable. Factors associated with understanding were age, income and level of education. Continuing efforts however, must be made to improve patients understanding of their disease and clinical disease biomarkers.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Aims: The aim of the study was to re-evaluate the relationship between hospital based diabetes care delivery and prevention of complications. Methods: DiabCare is an observational, non-interventional, cross-sectional study of hospital-based outpatient diabetes care. Results: A total of 1668 patients participated in the study: mean age 57.8 ± 11.0 years, duration of diabetes 13.0 ± 8.6 years, and duration of insulin treatment 5.6 ± 5.5 years. Mean weight was 74.3 ± 16.6 kg (BMI 29.1 ± 5.8 kg/m2). The majority of patients were female (53.6%) and the largest ethnic group was Malay (51.3%), followed by Indian (21.9%) and Chinese (20.1%). The percentage of patients with HbA1c < 6.5% (< 42 mmol/mol) and < 7.0% (< 53 mmol/mol) was 12.2% and 23.8%, respectively (mean HbA1c 8.52 ± 2.01% [70 ± 22 mmol/mol]). The proportion of patients using insulin was 65% at a total daily dose of 60 ± 37 IU. One or more episodes of hypoglycaemia were reported by 39% (n=658) of patients within the previous three months. The risk of any hypoglycaemia was associated with the use of insulin (odds ratio [OR 3.26, 95% CI 2.59–4.09]), and total daily insulin dose (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.07 per 10 IU increase). Mean HbA1c had not changed significantly between DiabCare cohorts 2008 and 2013 (p=0.08). Conclusions: Despite evidence of improving processes of diabetes care, glycaemic control and the prevalence of many diabetes related complications were unchanged.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Background: Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase are essential enzymes in converting food into energy inside the body. However, the proper management of these enzymes is needed to maintain normal blood glucose levels in the body. Thus, inhibiting these carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes is necessary for managing hyperglycemia and alleviating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus complications. Studies have reported that the Piper species have inhibitory properties on these digestive enzymes. However, the locally cultivated P. umbellatum has not yet been studied. Objectives: The study evaluated the inhibitory potentials of the locally grown P. umbellatum leaf extracts against α-amylase and α-gluiosidase. Methodology: The P. umbellatum leaf extracts were screened for in vitro inhibitory α-amylase and α-glucosidase tests. The most active crude extract was subjected to semi-purification and fractions were subjected to inhibitory enzymatic tests. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses were conducted. Results: Among all crude extracts, the KMB-HE exhibited the highest activities comparable to that of the acarbose standard (p>0.05). The KMB-HE showed inhibitions of 81.01%±1.66 and 89.51%±3.03 on α-amylase and α-glucosidase at 250 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, it contained the highest phenolic (195.00 ±3.60 GAE mg/gram) and flavonoid (4.55±0.06 QE mg/gram) contents that may be linked to the observed activities. The semi-purification of KMB-HE collected 24 fractions with PF10 demonstrating inhibitions of 68.07%±13.48 and 74.21%±2.22 in α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Also, the PF10 contained the highest phenolic (204.75±2.42 GAE mg/gram) and flavonoid (4.00±0.07 QE mg/gram) compounds among all the active fractions tested. The PF10 satisfied the recommended criteria for plant natural inhibitors: a moderate-to-low α-amylase and stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Conclusion The P. umbellatum exhibited good inhibitory activities on carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes. These may lead to further analysis of the P. umbellatum for future development of a safer, locally available natural remedy in managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) remains one of the leading causes of mortality in the Philippines. Studies have reported that good adherence to self-care activities significantly aid in glycemic control. However, previous studies revealed a low adherence to diabetes self-care activities. Moreover, only few studies were done in the local setting assessing the level of adherence to self-care activities and correlating the two; hence, the immense need for the assessment of level of adherence to self-care activities among patients with T2DM. Objective: This study aims to determine the level of adherence to self-care activities and correlate it with the glycemic control among T2DM patients seen in the outpatient department in a tertiary hospital in Baguio City. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done using a survey questionnaire adapted from the Summary Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire version 2000. Glycemic control was determined using the latest valid HbA1c results. One hundred adult diabetic patients were included in the study. Participants were selected in the Family Medicine and Internal Medicine OPD Clinics through systematic random sampling method. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Results revealed that majority of the sample population had undesirable self-care activity (69%), and poor glycemic control (69%). Statistical analysis revealed that proper adherence to either exercise (0.003) or compliance to medications (0.012) both have a significant relationship with glycemic control. Overall score (0.003) on one hand revealed a highly significant relationship with glycemic control. Conclusion Incorporating the different self-care activities namely diet, exercise, blood sugar testing, foot care, smoking cessation, and compliance to medication all together has a significant relationship with glycemic control among diabetic patients. Clinicians must emphasize proper adherence to self-care activities because of the high number of patients with undesirable self-care activities.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract: This current study aims to report the clinical profiles and characteristics of diabetic patients who had been admitted for hyperglycemic crises from 2007 to 2017 at our institution. Methodology: We conducted a retrospective study in a tertiary care university hospital outside Metro Manila. The data gathered were divided into three categories: clinical data, biochemical data and precipitating factors. Results: A total of 3,120 adult patients with diabetes mellitus were admitted for various reasons, and 71 cases presented with DKA or HHS over the 10-year period of review which is equivalent to 2% of all diabetes mellitus cases admitted. Forty-six (64.79%) of the patients with hyperglycemic crises were known diabetics with a duration of 7-13 years. Majority of patients were not taking anti diabetic medications upon admission. Most patients with hyperglycemic crises were tachycardic and hypertensive upon admission. Majority were discharged and improved. Majority of the cases 53 (81.69%) had DKA. The most common precipitating factor in DKA and HHS was infection. Conclusion In conclusion, the biochemical profiles in our series did not significantly differ from the past study by Gatbonton et.al (1998). Despite the advent of new therapies for diabetes mellitus control, mortality among the patients with hyperglycemic crises was slightly higher in our study at 11% compared to the global reported data of 2-10%. One of the reasons could be the minimal improvements in our health care delivery system that is still unable to cater to the needs of diabetic Filipinos. Early screening programs should be done for patients beginning age 40 years and even earlier for those with risk factors for prompt detection and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Education and awareness should be strengthened for patients with diabetes mellitus to avoid the crises by emphasizing the importance of regular follow-up, monitoring and compliance with a diabetic regimen, especially with insulin and multiple OADs (oral anti- diabetic drugs) since the disease is progressive, and timely intensification of therapy is needed.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Background: Among the various glycemic indices in current use, glycemic variability has the greatest contribution in the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Most metrics that are currently used to measure glycemic variability are derived from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data. However, CGM is burdensome to the patient due to its relatively high cost as well as the need for multiple visits with the health care provider. With the use of serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) as a biomarker of glucose fluctuations, physicians and patients alike could have an easier surrogate measure of glycemic variability thus aiding in achieving target glucose control. This study aims to determine the diagnostic accuracy of 1,5-AG as compared to the glycemic variability metrics derived from CGM as a surrogate measure of glycemic variability among adult Filipinos with T2DM. Methods: Retrospective analysis of data of adult patients aged 20 years old and above diagnosed with T2DM referred for CGM at the Diabetes, Endocrine, Metabolic, and Nutrition Center of Cardinal Santos Medical Center from January 2017 to October 2021 who underwent serum 1,5-AG level determination within 2 weeks of CGM were collected. Diagnostic accuracy was obtained by computing the sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV), and Youden index. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation of 1,5-AG and the different metrics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to check for statistical significance with 99% confidence interval and a p < 0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results: This study involving 37 subjects showed a good diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,5-AG levels with the different measures of glycemic variability derived from CGM namely mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE), continuous overlapping net glycemic action at 1-hour intervals (CONGA-1), and mean of daily differences (MODD) with significant correlation among patients with HbA1c ≤ 7%. Subjects were on CGM for approximately 6 ± 1 day with statistically significant difference between the good and poor glucose control group (p<0.05). Determination of diagnostic accuracy between 1,5- AG and MAGE showed good accuracy (Sensitivity = 95.3%, Specificity = 100%, PPV = 100%, NPV = 75.43%, Diagnostic accuracy 96%, and a Youden Index of 92.3) with a statistically significant correlation among subjects with HbA1c level ≤ 7% (p=0.021). There is likewise good diagnostic accuracy between CONGA-1 and 1,5-AG level (Sensitivity = 99%, Specificity = 75.29%, PPV = 89.1%, NPV = 97%, Accuracy = 89.50% and Youden index of 58.41) with a statistically significant correlation among subjects with HbA1c ≤ 7% (p=0.038). Comparison with interday glycemic variability showed fair diagnostic accuracy between MODD and 1,5-AG (Sensitivity = 79.17%, Specificity = 78%, PPV = 97%, NPV = 32%, Accuracy = 76.89%, and Youden index of 49.07) and a statistically significant correlation among subjects with HbA1c ≤ 7% (p=0.009). Conclusion There is good diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,5-AG levels with the different measures of glycemic variability derived from CGM namely MAGE, CONGA-1, and MODD with significant correlation among patients with HbA1c ≤ 7%. Among diabetics with HbA1c ≤7%, 1,5-AG could be used as a surrogate measure of glycemic variability and excursions.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Introduction: There are a significant number of diabetic patients who remain uncontrolled despite basal insulin therapy due to lack of intensification of treatment. Different insulin titration algorithms are recommended by different treatment guidelines. This study compared two basal insulin titration algorithms in terms of time to achieve target glucose, adherence, hypoglycemia episodes, and HbA1c reduction. Methods: This is a 12-week randomized clinical trial conducted on insulin-naïve patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus from outpatient clinic of St. Luke’s Medical Center Quezon City. Patients on oral hypoglycemic agent/s with HbA1c seven percent and above were included in the study. They were randomized to either daily titration or twiceweekly insulin titration algorithms using basal insulin glargine. Results: Forty-one patients were included in the study. The daily titration algorithm achieved target capillary blood glucose (CBG) at stable insulin dose earlier (33 vs 41.3 days, p-value=0.042) than the twice-weekly titration. Better adherence was also seen among patients on daily titration algorithm as compared to twice weekly (94.94% vs. 91.12%, p-value = 0.009). There was no significant difference in incidence of hypoglycemia (p-value 0.0.62) for both algorithms. All patients from the two groups had significant HbA1c reduction at the end of the study period. Conclusion Daily titration algorithm achieved earlier target fasting plasma glucose and better patient adherence as compared to twice-weekly titration in the adjustment of basal insulin dose. HbA1c reduction and risk of hypoglycemia were similar in both titration algorithms.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2