This study aimed to evaluate emerging trends of drug resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) among 290 former blood donor HIV-1 infected patients in Hubei,China,from 2004 to 2006,all of whom had received anti-HIV-1 therapy.The presence of NRTI- and NNRTI-associated mutations were established by sequencing; genotypic and predicted phenotypic drug resistance were evaluated using HIVdb Program version 5.0.1 (http://hivdb.stanford.edu/pages/algs/HIVdb.html).Genotypic drug resistance analysis showed significant increases in percentages of patients carrying HIV-1 strains with M41L,T215Y/F,D67N,K103N,G190A/S,Y181C/F or L210W mutations.Of the variants' predicted phenotypic drug resistance,highly significant increases were detected in percentages of patients carrying HIV-1 with high resistance to zidovudine (AZT) or stavudine (D4T) in NRTIs,and to delavirdine (DLV),efavirenz (EFV) or nevirapine (NVP) in NNRTIs; intermediate resistance to abacavir (ABC),AZT,D4/T,didanosine (DDI) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in NRTIs,and to etravirine (ETR) in NNRTIs; and low and potential low resistance to lamivudine (3TC),ABC,emtricitabine (FTC) or TDF in NRTIs,and to ETR in NNRTIs.

Objective To assess the agreement of different endoscopy grading or scoring systems for inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)including ulcerative colitis(UC)and Crohn's disease(CD).Methods A standardized table was prepared based on the searches for endoscopic grading or scoring systems on Medline and Chinese Biomedical Database,the data of 80 patients with UC and 31 with CD.who underwent colonoscopy in Shanghai Renji hospital from June 2006 to February 2007,were evaluated with each system by two physicians independently.Data were analyzed with SPSS 13.0.Results Six endoscopic grading and scoring systems of UC and three of CD were included for evaluation.For the systems of UC and CD,Kendall's coefficients of concordance were 0.71(P<0.01)and 0.34(P<0.01),respectively.There was no significant differenee between every two systems for UC.Nonetheless.Spearman's correlation coefficient between Chinese Grading System of Crohn's Disease(CGSCD)and Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity(CDEIS)was 0.32(P=0.08).Significant differences in frequencies were detected in endoscopic systems for UC by Kruskal Wallis test(P<0.01).Conclusion There is satisfactory concordance among the endoscopic grading and scoring systems of UC,while CGSCD needs further improvement.Furthermore,Jeroen elassifieation inclines to severe category,while modified Baron scale tends to be a mild one.

Osteoclasts are multinucleated giant cell, which derived from mononuclear myeloid hematopoietic stem cells with the function of bone absorption. Osteoclasts plays a key role in bone metabolism, therefore the body is very strict to regulation of osteoclastogenesis. Mobilization and differentiation of osteoclast maturation is a complex and sophisticated multi-level regulatory processes. In the relevant regulatory mechanisms, OPG/RANKL/RANK system plays a pivotal role in the process of osteoclast differentiation and maturation. Recent studies revealed that immune cells and osteoclasts were closely connect with each other in the field of bone metabolism, also provide a new therapeutic target for the treatment of bone diseases. The apoptosis of osteoclasts in bone metabolism have been payed more attention,while its mechanism is still not clear, which need further research.
Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Osteoclasts ; cytology ; metabolism ; Osteoprotegerin ; genetics ; metabolism ; RANK Ligand ; metabolism ; Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ; genetics ; metabolism

Aconitum is important in clinical orthopedics. From ancient times to the present day,there were many famous doctors who used this herb to cure many diseases in orthopedics. However, the toxicity always connect with its effect. This will limit its application in clinics. So now the important thing is how to use this herb correctly. This article will give some suggestions about how to use aconitum in orthopedics and to make sure it can be used correctly in future. It has four parts: application in orthopedics, pharmacology, factors related to toxicity and the prospect of the use of aconitum.
Aconitum ; toxicity ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Orthopedics

OBJECTIVETo explore the preventive effect of Yougui drink on femoral head necrosis in rats under micro CT.

METHODSTwenty-five SD rats were divided into steroid hormone group (group A, 10 rats ), Yougui drink group (group B,10 rats) and normal group (group C,5 rats)with random number table. Endotoxin were injected into abdominal cavity of rats in group A and B for 2 days, methylprednisolone sodium succinate were injected by gluteus for twice a week continued for 6 weeks; group B were gavaged by Yougui drink (veryday for 8 weeks; group C did not do any processing. All rats were killed on the 10th weeks,m icro CT were used to scan femoral head in vitro and preventive effect of Yougui drink (n femoral head necrosis in rats.

RESULTSThere was statistical significance in BMD, BV/TV, Tb.N, Tb, Th, Thb, Sp, BS/TV and DA but no significance in SMI between group A and B. Comparison between A and C, there was significant meaning in BMD, BV/TV, Tb.N, Tb, Th, Tb, Sp, BS/TV, DA and SMI.

CONCLUSIONYougui drink on femoral head necrosis in rats under micro CT has preventive effect from BMD BV/TV, Tb.N, Tb, Th, Tb, Sp, BS/TV and DA.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Bone Density ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Femur Head Necrosis ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; X-Ray Microtomography ; methods

Objective To assess the risk factors of the in-hospital mortality of acute type A aortic dissection after operation. Method From January 2003 to June 2008,185 patients, 144 males and 41 females, with acute type A aortic dissection operated on were enrolled. The average age of patients was (49.46 ± 11.04 ) years old.The patients' demographics, history, clinical features, and some laboratory examinations were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analysis followed by logistic regression analysis were carried out to identify the predictors of inhospital mortality. Results The in-hospital mortality rate was 9.1%. The results of univariate and multivariate analyses as follows: pre-operation positive neurological symptom (Univariate OR = 5.084,95%CI:1.792 -14.426, P = 0.002; Multivariate OR = 5.538,95%CI: 1.834 - 16.721, P = 0.002, respectively), hypotension (Univariate OR = 6.986,95%CI:1.510- 32.323,P =0.013; multivariate OR = 1.998,95%CI:0.315-12.679,P = 0.463, respectively) and renal failure (Univariate OR = 3.594,95%CI:1.237 - 10.438,P =0.019; Multivariate OR = 3.254,95%CI:1.034- 10.242, P= 0.044, respectively). Conclusions There are two predictors, pre-operation positive neurological symptom and renal failure, of pre-hospital mortality found in current analyses. Our results may improve the regimen made by cardiac surgeons and emergency doctors so as to help patients and their relatives to make correct decision.

[Objective] To investigate the HIV infection status and behavioral characteristics of men who have sex with men (MSM) over the age of 50 in Taizhou during 2010-2017 HIV sentinel surveillance, analyze the related factors of HIV infection, and provide basis for developing targeted intervention strategies. [Methods] HIV sentinel surveillance data from 2010 to 2017 in Taizhou was used to analyze the demographic characteristics, HIV awareness, and sexual behaviors of MSM over the age of 50. Also, HIV infection status and related factors were analyzed by multivariate regression analysis. [Results]A total of 334 MSM aged over 50 were surveyed by HIV sentinel surveillance in 2010-2017, and the HIV positive rate was 14.1％. The average age of the 334 MSM was (59.6 ± 7.2) years, and those with junior high school education and below accounted for 76.0％, with awareness of AIDS knowledge being 85.6％. And78.7％ of them had anal sex with men in the past 6 months. Among them, 30.4％ used condoms each time. And 4.8％ of them had commercial sex with men and 37.1％ had sex with women in the past 6months. Multivariate analysis showed that syphilis-positiveness was a risk factor for HIV infection and awareness of HIV-related knowledge proved to be a protective factor for HIV infection. [Conclusion] The MSM over 50 years old in Taizhou has a high rate of HIV-positiveness and high-risk behaviors exist. It is imperative to strengthen dynamic HIV surveillance for this population and behavioral intervention to reduce HIV related risky behavior.

OBJECTIVEIn order to understand the normal physical growth of Chinese children, data of children aged from 0 to 7 years from urban and rural areas of nine Chinese cities in 2005 were analyzed.

METHODSThe original data of height and weight were drawn into growth curves charts by Graphpad Prism 5.0 software according to the different age groups. The children were classified into five age groups: 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months, 13-24 months, and 2-7 years.

RESULTSThe average birth weight was 3.3 kg and the height averaged 50 cm. The average monthly weight gain was 1.0-1.2 kg and the average monthly increase of height was 4 cm in the 0-3 months group. By 3 months of age, the weight and height averaged 6.6 kg and 62 cm, respectively. In the 4-6 months group, the growth rate was reduced to a half of the 0-3 months group, with an average monthly weight and height gain was 0.5-0.6 kg and 2 cm respectively. The growth rate in the 7-2 months group was a half of the 4-6 months group. By 12 months of age, the weight and height average 9.9 kg and 75 cm, respectively. The average monthly weight and height gain in the 13-24 months group was 0.2 kg and 1 cm respectively, with an average weight and height of 12 kg and 87 cm respectively by 24 months of age. A steady growth was found in the 2-7 years group, with a yearly average weight and height increment of about 2 kg and 7 cm respectively. The formulas for approximate average weight and height in children between 2 and 7 years were as follows: age (yr)*2+8 (kg) (weight); age (yr)*7+75 (cm) (height).

CONCLUSIONSThe approximate weight and height of normal Chinese children under 7 years of age can be evaluated by the key parameters and formulas above mentioned.

Body Height ; Body Weight ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Mathematics

OBJECTIVEThe objective of this study was to review the research on clinical genetics of Wilson's disease (WD).

DATA SOURCESWe searched documents from PubMed and Wanfang databases both in English and Chinese up to 2014 using the keywords WD in combination with genetic, ATP7B gene, gene mutation, genotype, phenotype.

STUDY SELECTIONPublications about the ATP7B gene and protein function associated with clinical features were selected.

RESULTSWilson's disease, also named hepatolenticular degeneration, is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by abnormal copper metabolism caused by mutations to the copper-transporting gene ATP7B. Decreased biliary copper excretion and reduced incorporation of copper into apoceruloplasmin caused by defunctionalization of ATP7B protein lead to accumulation of copper in many tissues and organs, including liver, brain, and cornea, finally resulting in liver disease and extrapyramidal symptoms. It is the most common genetic neurological disorder in the onset of adolescents, second to muscular dystrophy in China. Early diagnosis and medical therapy are of great significance for improving the prognosis of WD patients. However, diagnosis of this disease is usually difficult because of its complicated phenotypes. In the last 10 years, an increasing number of clinical studies have used molecular genetics techniques. Improved diagnosis and prediction of the progression of this disease at the molecular level will aid in the development of more individualized and effective interventions, which is a key to transition from molecular genetic research to the clinical study.

CONCLUSIONSClinical genetics studies are necessary to understand the mechanism underlying WD at the molecular level from the genotype to the phenotype. Clinical genetics research benefits newly emerging medical treatments including stem cell transplantation and gene therapy for WD patients.

Adenosine Triphosphatases ; genetics ; Cation Transport Proteins ; genetics ; Copper-transporting ATPases ; Hepatolenticular Degeneration ; genetics ; Humans ; Phenotype

OBJECTIVETo study the prevalence of internet use and internet addiction in adolescents of Shanghai.

METHODFrom September to October 2007, a total of 5135 adolescents from 16 middle schools of 6 districts of Shanghai took part in the epidemiological study by a cross-sectional survey and 5123 adolescents finally enrolled in the study. A questionnaire of "DRM Adolescent Internet Use 52 Scale" was administrated to investigate the prevalence of internet use and internet addiction in adolescents of Shanghai. On this scale of 5-point rating, the scale includes seven parts of contents as tolerance, abstinence reaction, planning ability, self-control ability, whenness, sociability and hazard.

RESULTSThe rate of internet use among the surveyed adolescents was 94.32% (4673/5123), among which the incidence rate of internet addiction was 8.78% (450/5123). Boys, senior middle-school students were more susceptible to internet addiction than girls and junior middle-school students (male scores 122.42+/-43.46, female scores 116.92+/-38.10, F=23.22, P=0.00; senior middle-school students 125.24+/-39.02, junior middle-school students 110.30+/-42.35, F=164.68, P=0.00). Students from vocational senior middle-school were most susceptible (junior middle-school students 110.30+/-42.35, ordinary senior middle-school students 122.83+/-40.99, key senior middle-school students 120.05+/-37.87, vocational senior middle-school students 133.37+/-36.84, F=34.44, P=0.00). The 2nd grade students of senior middle-school have the highest risk for internet-addiction.

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of internet use and internet addiction in adolescents of Shanghai should be comparatively high in China, which indicates that great attention should be paid to the prevention and control.

Adolescent ; Behavior, Addictive ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Students ; Surveys and Questionnaires