Uncorrected or unaddressed refractive error (URE) is the leading cause of treatable visual impairment (VI) globally. A significant factor is the prohibitive costs of corrective options. The World Health Organization recently recommended the use of effective refractive error coverage (eREC) to determine the burden and management of URE. To increase eREC, spectacles should be made available and affordable. Most developing countries use ready-made glasses produced in bulk to address presbyopia. Timor-Leste employed a tiered- pricing for these ready-made spectacles which were found to be effective. The Philippines can adopt similar initiatives considering that prescription spectacles are not covered by its national health insurance. Prescription spectacles should also receive coverage from the national insurance. Policies should also be created that will set-up optical units inside government hospitals and primary health care units that can dispense low cost or free prescription spectacles. Dedicated government posts for optometrists should be created to man the said units. Existing colleges of optometry can partner with nearby public health facilities to man their optical units similar to partnerships made for other health professions. State universities can also consider opening colleges of optometry where they can tie up return services conditions or follow ladderized programs based on community demands similar to existing ones for other health professions
Refractive Error ; spectacles ; cost

The objects of the refractive examination are to check the refractive state of the eyes and to correct the refractive errors with glasses. This paper is directed to the basic methods of subjective and objective refractive examination.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Refractive Errors

The authors analysed the interpupillary distance, the distance between optical centers and the distance from the upper margin of the lens to the optical center in 297 spectacles wearers. The results were as follows: 1. Among the 297 glasses wearers, myopic glasses wearers accounted for 226 persons(76.09%), and hyperopic glasses wearers for 71 persons(23.91%). 2. Among the 297 glasses wearers, the distance between optical centers coincided with the interpupillary distance in 51 persons(17.17%), and was incongruous in 246 persons(82.83%). 3. Among the 297 glasses wearers, the distance from the upper margin of the lens to the optical center was the same in both eyes in 152 persons(51.19%), and was incongruous in 145 persons(48.81%). 4. Among the 246 persons in whom the distance between optical centers of their glasses did not coincide with the interpupillary distance, the horizontal prismatic effects of both eyes overpassed the aberration of tolerance of ophthalmic dispensing in 46 persons(18.70%), and the maximum horizontal prismatic effect of one eye was 5.85 prism diopters. 5. Among the 145 persons in whom the distance from the upper margin of the lens to the optical center of their glasses did not coincide in both eyes, the vertical prismatic effects overpassed the aberration of tolerance of ophthalmic dispensing in 48 persons(33.10%), and the maximum vertical prismatic effect was 2.47 prism diopters.
Eyeglasses* ; Glass ; Humans

It is hard to advice for fitting contact lens in the case of monocular lens extraction in rural area because of exposure to dust laden air and elderly people in most cases. Questionares for comfortability, Side effects and the method of visual correction were obtained in 200 cases of cataract operation in rural area. Most of the advanced age group replyed that the unsatisfactory and difficulty for fitting contact lens, therefore it is desirable method to obtain good adaptation and binocualr vision with P-A (Phakic and Aphakic) spectacles by intensive training.
Aged ; Cataract* ; Dust ; Eyeglasses ; Humans

Recently, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have received increasing attention, with the development of VR/AR devices such as head-mounted displays, haptic devices, and AR glasses. Medicine is considered to be one of the most effective applications of VR/AR. In this article, we describe a systematic literature review conducted to investigate the state-of-the-art VR/AR technology relevant to plastic surgery. The 35 studies that were ultimately selected were categorized into 3 representative topics: VR/AR-based preoperative planning, navigation, and training. In addition, future trends of VR/AR technology associated with plastic surgery and related fields are discussed.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Plastics* ; Surgery, Plastic*

New Korean near vision chart was designed by the author and presented. As for the test types, photographically reduced optotypes of the Korean Test Chart for distance, published in Sep. 1964, and sentences in Korean letters similar to the Jaeger's near vision test types were employed in this chart, and the units of vision ranged from 0.1 to 1.2. On the back of the chart, a Landolt's ring for O.1; test objects in Korean sentences, solid and dotted lines for determination of the near point distance of accommodation; astigmatic dial; figure showing the structure of the eyeball; table of the amplitude and near point distance of accommodation in different ages ranging from 10 to 70, and suitable diopters of the glasses for reading in presbyopia with normal refraction were printed. The author stressed the importance of vision test for Dear and necessity of the near vision chart.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Presbyopia ; Vision Tests

It is the purpose of this study to evaluate fusional status of 49 strabismic patients who showed orthophoria less than 10 prism diopters (PD) after surgery under alternate prism and cover test. We undertook the Worth 4-dot(W4D) test twice, reversing the position of the red/green glasses between the eyes for the second trial. Bagolini test was also performed in 31 of 49 cases. Nineteen of 49 case(18.4%) showed different results on the W4D test with red/green glasses after reversal at near or distance, either changing fusional status or changing laterality of suppression. Four of 31 cases (18.0%) showed different status of fusion or suppression between W4D and Bagolini tests. We think that it repeating test twice, with the red/green glass reversed between trials, and with combination of Bagolini test, provides better reliability of W4D test.
Artifacts* ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Strabismus

Cyclotorsion is a well known feature of oblique muscle disorders in the eye, usually associated with vertical and/or horizontal strabismus. Its presence and amount of deviation are not easy to detect, therefore requiring more sensitive and accurate tests. But the present measuring devices such as the double Maddox rod test and Bagolini lens test, known to be the standard tests used for cyclodeviation in these days have some limitations. We developed a new computerized test for the measurement of cyclodeviation that remedies the weak points of the existing tests. The cyclotorsion at any eye position can be measured accurately. It is based on subjective response of the examinee. The examinee wears the red-green glasses and identifies when the two lines on the monitor are parellel while the examiner rotates the red or green line with keystroke of computer keyboard. It is possible to test the deviations in all directions. We hope this computerized application will be accepted widely as an useful subjective torsion test in near future.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Hope ; Muscular Diseases ; Strabismus

From 128 young men who had no subjective symptoms during recent six months, prostatic secretions were collected on two slide glasses it each. Both slide glasses were examined microscopically for cytology. One of them was stained with Sternheimer and Malbin method for cytology and the other was stained with Gramts method for bacteriology. But no cultures were done, The results were as follows: Microscopic findings : Of 128 prostatic secretions examined microscopically, 73.4 per cent showed less than 10 W.B.C. per H.P.F. (normal); 12.5 per cent 11~20 W.B.C. per H.P.F. (grade 1); 7. 8 per cent 21~30 W.B.C per H.P.F.(grade 2); 3. 9 per cent 31~50 W.B.C. per H.P.F.(grade 3) and 2. 4 per cent more than 51 W.B,C. per H.P.F.(grade 4). Bacteriology: Regardless of microscopic findings microorganisms were found in 61.7 per cent of 128 prostatic secretions. Among the found microorganisms, Gram negative rod was the most common, and Gram positive coccus, Gram positive rod and Gram negative coccus followed in that order. There appeared no relation between the microscopic findings and the present of microorganisms.
Bacteriology ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Male ; Prostatitis*

Many surgeons prefer to postpone surgery of intermittent exotropia after 4 years of age because small angle esotropia, amblyopia and sensory anomaly could be caused by early surgery. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the nonsurgical treatment is effective to delay surgery in intermittent exotropes less than 4 years of age. Short-time patching for 3-4 hours (patching) was performed in 39 children and compared to those with patching combined with overcorrecting minus glasses added by minus power between 1.00 and 2.75D (combined therapy) in 21 children. Before treatment, the average amount of exo-deviation in 60 patients was 29.4 prism diopters(PD) at distance and 23.4 PD at near at initial visit. The improvement of 6 PD or more in exodeviation was obtained in 32 patients(82.1 %) with the patching and 20 patients(95.2%) with the combined therapy. After treatment, the average amount of improved exo-deviation with the patching group was 7.9 PD at distance and 13.5 PD at near, while it was 8.9 PD at distance and 16.9 PD at near with the group that received the combined therapy. The improvement in exodeviation was greater at near than at distance, and greater in paitents treated with the combined therapy than in patients with the patching. In conclusions, surgery can be delayed effectively with the 3-4 hours patching and the small amount of overcorrecting minus glasses in young intermittent exotropes less than 4 years of age, in light of considerable reduction of exoangle and frequency of exodeviation.
Amblyopia ; Child* ; Esotropia ; Exotropia* ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans