Uncorrected or unaddressed refractive error (URE) is the leading cause of treatable visual impairment (VI) globally. A significant factor is the prohibitive costs of corrective options. The World Health Organization recently recommended the use of effective refractive error coverage (eREC) to determine the burden and management of URE. To increase eREC, spectacles should be made available and affordable. Most developing countries use ready-made glasses produced in bulk to address presbyopia. Timor-Leste employed a tiered- pricing for these ready-made spectacles which were found to be effective. The Philippines can adopt similar initiatives considering that prescription spectacles are not covered by its national health insurance. Prescription spectacles should also receive coverage from the national insurance. Policies should also be created that will set-up optical units inside government hospitals and primary health care units that can dispense low cost or free prescription spectacles. Dedicated government posts for optometrists should be created to man the said units. Existing colleges of optometry can partner with nearby public health facilities to man their optical units similar to partnerships made for other health professions. State universities can also consider opening colleges of optometry where they can tie up return services conditions or follow ladderized programs based on community demands similar to existing ones for other health professions
Refractive Error ; spectacles ; cost

The objects of the refractive examination are to check the refractive state of the eyes and to correct the refractive errors with glasses. This paper is directed to the basic methods of subjective and objective refractive examination.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Refractive Errors

The authors analysed the interpupillary distance, the distance between optical centers and the distance from the upper margin of the lens to the optical center in 297 spectacles wearers. The results were as follows: 1. Among the 297 glasses wearers, myopic glasses wearers accounted for 226 persons(76.09%), and hyperopic glasses wearers for 71 persons(23.91%). 2. Among the 297 glasses wearers, the distance between optical centers coincided with the interpupillary distance in 51 persons(17.17%), and was incongruous in 246 persons(82.83%). 3. Among the 297 glasses wearers, the distance from the upper margin of the lens to the optical center was the same in both eyes in 152 persons(51.19%), and was incongruous in 145 persons(48.81%). 4. Among the 246 persons in whom the distance between optical centers of their glasses did not coincide with the interpupillary distance, the horizontal prismatic effects of both eyes overpassed the aberration of tolerance of ophthalmic dispensing in 46 persons(18.70%), and the maximum horizontal prismatic effect of one eye was 5.85 prism diopters. 5. Among the 145 persons in whom the distance from the upper margin of the lens to the optical center of their glasses did not coincide in both eyes, the vertical prismatic effects overpassed the aberration of tolerance of ophthalmic dispensing in 48 persons(33.10%), and the maximum vertical prismatic effect was 2.47 prism diopters.
Eyeglasses* ; Glass ; Humans

It is hard to advice for fitting contact lens in the case of monocular lens extraction in rural area because of exposure to dust laden air and elderly people in most cases. Questionares for comfortability, Side effects and the method of visual correction were obtained in 200 cases of cataract operation in rural area. Most of the advanced age group replyed that the unsatisfactory and difficulty for fitting contact lens, therefore it is desirable method to obtain good adaptation and binocualr vision with P-A (Phakic and Aphakic) spectacles by intensive training.
Aged ; Cataract* ; Dust ; Eyeglasses ; Humans

Recently, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have received increasing attention, with the development of VR/AR devices such as head-mounted displays, haptic devices, and AR glasses. Medicine is considered to be one of the most effective applications of VR/AR. In this article, we describe a systematic literature review conducted to investigate the state-of-the-art VR/AR technology relevant to plastic surgery. The 35 studies that were ultimately selected were categorized into 3 representative topics: VR/AR-based preoperative planning, navigation, and training. In addition, future trends of VR/AR technology associated with plastic surgery and related fields are discussed.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Plastics* ; Surgery, Plastic*

New Korean near vision chart was designed by the author and presented. As for the test types, photographically reduced optotypes of the Korean Test Chart for distance, published in Sep. 1964, and sentences in Korean letters similar to the Jaeger's near vision test types were employed in this chart, and the units of vision ranged from 0.1 to 1.2. On the back of the chart, a Landolt's ring for O.1; test objects in Korean sentences, solid and dotted lines for determination of the near point distance of accommodation; astigmatic dial; figure showing the structure of the eyeball; table of the amplitude and near point distance of accommodation in different ages ranging from 10 to 70, and suitable diopters of the glasses for reading in presbyopia with normal refraction were printed. The author stressed the importance of vision test for Dear and necessity of the near vision chart.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Presbyopia ; Vision Tests

It is the purpose of this study to evaluate fusional status of 49 strabismic patients who showed orthophoria less than 10 prism diopters (PD) after surgery under alternate prism and cover test. We undertook the Worth 4-dot(W4D) test twice, reversing the position of the red/green glasses between the eyes for the second trial. Bagolini test was also performed in 31 of 49 cases. Nineteen of 49 case(18.4%) showed different results on the W4D test with red/green glasses after reversal at near or distance, either changing fusional status or changing laterality of suppression. Four of 31 cases (18.0%) showed different status of fusion or suppression between W4D and Bagolini tests. We think that it repeating test twice, with the red/green glass reversed between trials, and with combination of Bagolini test, provides better reliability of W4D test.
Artifacts* ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Strabismus

We found an unusual morphology of eosinophil nucleus having longer chromatin filament in addition to a single narrow chromatin bridge. The nucleus having two chromatin filament bridge looked like two legged eosinophil, instead of usual glasses shape. As the physiologic function of the nucleus of granulocyte segmentation and the mechanism by which the lobes are formed during differention is still unknown, we could not know the definite nature and significance of these double chromatin filament. However we could suggest that they may be a reactive change of eosinophilia. This not uncommon morphology has not been described as yet. Here we report three cases of unusual morphology of eosinophil nucleus presenting double chromatin filament bridge, one case with a band form nucleus looked like ring shape, with brief review of literatures.
Chromatin* ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils* ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Granulocytes ; Leg

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical effects of orthokeratology lens wear on inhibition of the myopic progression and axial length elongation in Korean children with myopia. METHODS: The authors reviewed out-patient records of 37 eyes of 19 patients wearing orthokeratology lenses. The 46 eyes of 23 patients wearing spectacles were included into the control group. We evaluated the relationship between orthokeratology lens wear and control group according to age, initial myopia, initial astigmatism, axial length elongation. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between two groups as for age, initial myopia, astigmatism, spherical equivalent, and axial length at baseline (t-test, P > 0.05). Significant reduction of refraction was shown in patients with wearing lenses after 1 year (t-test, P < 0.001). The mean axial length before and after 1 year was 24.62 ± 1.39 mm and 24.73 ± 1.28 mm respectively after lens wearing, and 24.59 ± 0.74 mm and 24.80 ± 0.71 mm respectively after wearing glasses. The axial length elongation was 0.11 ± 0.12 mm, and 0.21 ± 0.07 mm in patients with wearing lenses and glasses, respectively, which showed statistically significant difference (t-test, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The orthokeratology lens was found to be effective in suppression of myopic progression through less axial length elongation, compared with the glasses.
Astigmatism ; Child ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Myopia* ; Outpatients

From 128 young men who had no subjective symptoms during recent six months, prostatic secretions were collected on two slide glasses it each. Both slide glasses were examined microscopically for cytology. One of them was stained with Sternheimer and Malbin method for cytology and the other was stained with Gramts method for bacteriology. But no cultures were done, The results were as follows: Microscopic findings : Of 128 prostatic secretions examined microscopically, 73.4 per cent showed less than 10 W.B.C. per H.P.F. (normal); 12.5 per cent 11~20 W.B.C. per H.P.F. (grade 1); 7. 8 per cent 21~30 W.B.C per H.P.F.(grade 2); 3. 9 per cent 31~50 W.B.C. per H.P.F.(grade 3) and 2. 4 per cent more than 51 W.B,C. per H.P.F.(grade 4). Bacteriology: Regardless of microscopic findings microorganisms were found in 61.7 per cent of 128 prostatic secretions. Among the found microorganisms, Gram negative rod was the most common, and Gram positive coccus, Gram positive rod and Gram negative coccus followed in that order. There appeared no relation between the microscopic findings and the present of microorganisms.
Bacteriology ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Male ; Prostatitis*