Snake antivenomimmunoglobulins are considered to be the most efficient drugs in snake envenomings. Most snake antivenomimmunoglobulins all over the world are still prepared by fragmentation of polyclonal antibodies isolated from hyper-immunized horse serum till now. In this review, we retrospect the history of snake antivenomimmunoglobulins, analysis the present situation and pay the close attention on the key technological links in the process of research and manufacturing, such as properties of IgG and its fragments, selection and preparation of immunogen, optimization of immunization schedule and protein isolation and purification, which can be available for the reference in the research and development of snake antivenom.
Animals ; Antivenins ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; pharmacology ; Snake Bites ; drug therapy ; Snakes

A canine distemper virus strain was isolated from the lung of dog coming from Aksu in Xing Jiang using lung primary M cell during the CDV molecular epidemiological study. It was demonstrated to be a virulent strain of CDV by a series of systematic identification such as morphology , serology neutralization test, canine infection test, and molecular virology test.

Objective To discuss the value and experience of the percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP)in the treatment of vertebral body compression fracture(VCF)in aged osteoperosis.Methods PVP was performed in 44 cases with VCF including 28 with single vertebral compressed fracture,12 with double compressed fracture and four with triple compressed fracture,with 67 vertebrae,for clinical and radiologieal evaluation.Results The mean follow-up was 15 months(4-23 months).There could be seen immediate relief of pain in 40 cases,out-of-bed activities at operation day in 19 and out-of-bed activ- ities at second day after operation in 25.Postoperative X-ray showed uniformly distributed bone cement in the vertebral,without leakage.Conclusion PVP is a recommendable method for VCF,for it has ad- vantages of pain relief,vertebrae stabilization,minimal invasion and minor complications.

Methods for analyses of protein-protein interactions include: yeast two hybrid (Y2H), phage dis- play (PD), co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), glutathione S-transferase pull-down (GST pull-down), cellular co-localization, far-western blotting, virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Technologies for the detection of protein-nucleic acid interactions include: yeast one hybrid (Y1H), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), Southwestern blotting, reporter gene, Co-IP, GST pull-down, and PD. These methods are often used in the study of the human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) by our research team. Reviews in the Chinese literature in this field are lacking, so we reviewed applications of these methods in the study of EV-A71. This review may impart important knowledge in the research of other viruses with regard to protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions.
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ; Enterovirus A, Human ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; RNA, Viral ; metabolism ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques ; Viral Proteins ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo observe the primary clinical result of digital template as navigation to the upper cervical pedicle instrumentation.

METHODSCT scan of upper cervical vertebrae was performed. 3-D model of upper cervical vertebrae was reconstructed by software Amira 3.1 and was preserved in STL format. Then 3-D model was run in software UG Imageware 12.0, the best pedicle channel was extracted according to the reverse engineering principle. A virtual navigational template was established according to he lamina anatomic trait, and the best pedicle channel. The virtual vertebrae and navigational template were manufactured using rapid prototyping. The navigational template was sterilized and used intra operative to assist with the placement of pedicle screw. The Accuracy of screw placement was confirmed with postoperative X-ray and CT scanning.

RESULTSThe digital navigational template had been established and used in the 3 cases, the good trajectory of cervical pedicle had been showed by the CT scan of post operation. There were not complications of related pedicle screw insertion.

CONCLUSIONSA novel method of upper cervical pedicle location using Reverse Engineering and rapid prototyping has been developed; the navigational template is found to be highly accuracy and has great expectation.

Adult ; Bone Screws ; Cervical Vertebrae ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Computer Simulation ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Middle Aged ; Models, Anatomic ; Neuronavigation ; Spinal Fusion ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo elucidate the characteristics of variation and the genetic evolution of non-structural protein (NS1, NS2) genes related to avian influenza subtype H5N1 viruses isolated from the boundary region of Yunnan province.

METHODSSwab samples were collected from foreign poultry and wild birds in the boundary regions of Yunnan province and screened by H5/N1 subtype-specific multiplex RT-PCR. The NS segment of H5N1 virus from the positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into pMD18-T vectors for sequencing. The alignment and phylogenetic analysis on those available NS1, NS2 genes were performed with sequences of the known reference strains.

RESULTS71 positive samples were identified from 1240 samples, with the positive rate as 5.72%. Fourteen different NS segment sequences were obtained from 30 representative positive samples and could be divided into 3 distinct clades or sub-clades (I-1, I-2 and II), by phylogenetic analysis. The NS1/NS2 genes and Hemagglutinin (HA) genes of H5N1 viruses from the boundary regions of Yunnan province showed different relationships regarding the characteristics on genetic evolution. The substitution or mutation of key amino acids sites had been noticed in the nuclear location signal domains, effect domain, and other pathogenicity markers.

CONCLUSIONNS genes of H5N1 subtype viruses in boundary region of Yunnan province showed genetic divergence and the virus of clade I-2 and II had become dominant epidemic strains in this region since 2010.

Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Birds ; virology ; China ; epidemiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome, Viral ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza in Birds ; epidemiology ; virology ; Phylogeny

OBJECTIVETo elucidate the variation in characterizations and genetic evolution of the matrix protein 2 or ion channel protein(M2) genes of avian influenza subtype H5N1 viruses in the boundary region of Yunnan province from 2008 to 2012.

METHODSA total of swab samples were collected from foreign poultry such as the junction between Yunnan and Vietnam, Laos,myanmar and wild birds in boundary region of Yunnan province from 2008 to 2012 and screened by H5N1 subtype-specific multiplex RT-PCR. The M genes of H5N1 virus from the positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into pMD18-T vectors for sequencing. The alignment and phylogenetic analysis of M2 genes were performed with sequences of the known reference strains.

RESULTSA total of 71 positive samples were found out of 1240 samples and the positive rate was 5.72%. A total of 14 different M2 sequences were obtained from 30 positive samples and were divided into 3 distinct clades or sub-clades(1.2.1, 1.2.2 and 2) by phylogenetic analysis, 5, 7 and 2, respectively. The M2 genes and Hemagglutinin(HA) genes of H5N1 viruses from the boundary region of Yunnan province had showed different relationship of genetic evolution. The substitution or mutation of key amino acids sites had been found among the domains of epitope, adamantane-resistance, and poultry or human original viral strains.

CONCLUSIONThe M2 genes of H5N1 subtype viruses in boundary region of Yunnan province from 2008 to 2012 showed genetic divergence and the virus of clade 1.2.2 had become dominant epidemic strain in this region.

Animals ; Birds ; virology ; Chickens ; virology ; China ; Evolution, Molecular ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ; classification ; genetics ; Influenza in Birds ; virology ; Phylogeny ; Poultry ; virology ; Viral Matrix Proteins ; genetics

Bat is nature reservoir hosts of some important viruses.It has been confirmed that bats were infected by many viruses in nature in Yunnan Province,China during 2010-2015,such as SARS-like coronavirus and another coronaviruses (Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus) as well as novel reovirus,rotavirus,orthohepadnavirus,filovirus,paramyxovirus,adenovirus,bocavirus and circovirus.This paper presents a review about natural infection of bat with zoonosis-related viral pathogens in Yunnan Province,China,and its public health importance.

We investigated the molecular characteristics of the full-length genome of 5 dengue serotype 4 virus (DENV-4) strains isolated in Yunnan Province,China,2015 and their molecular epidemiological feature.Isolation of dengue virus was using C6/36 cell culture method.Viral RNA was extracted from virus isolates,then the full-length genome was amplified by RT-PCR.The homology and phylogenetic analysis was made on the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences by bioinfor matics softwares including ClastalX1.83 and MEGA6 etc.Results showed that five strains of DENV-4 isolated from dengue fe ver cases in Ruili City of Yunnan Province in 2015,of these,2 strains from indigenous cases,3 from imported cases from Lashio and Nam Can cities of Myanmar to Ruili of China.RT-PCR and sequencing indicated that the full-length genes (10 661 nt) of 5 DENV-4 strains were obtained,and their open reading frame (103-10 264) were coded 3 386 amino acid residues.Phylogenetic tree and homology analysis based on the comeplete genome or structural and non-structural protein genes showed that the 5 DENV 4 isolates were highly homologous and gathered in an evolution as well as they have a closer genetic relationship with the DENV-4 genotype Ⅰ (G-Ⅰ) strains isolated from Thailand.Results indicated that the Yunnan strains belonged to G-Ⅰ.Yunnan strains and Thailand strains compared with DENV 4 prototype strain (H241,Philippines 1956) and Guangzhou strain (B5,1990) of China and showed low homology and evolutionary relationship.When Yunnan strains compared with H241 strain,there were 21 and 45 different sites in amino acid of structural and non-structural proteins,respectively.This is the first time in Yunnan to obtain full-length genomes sequence of DENV-4 and they have closer evolutionary relationship with DENV 4G-Ⅰ strains from Southeast Asia region in recent years.The autochthonous DENV-4 epidemic in Yunnan was detected for the first time,and the virus transmission sources were from neighboring northern Myanmar.It is necessary to further study that change of the amino acid sites of Yunnan strains of DENV-4 is related to its antigenicity and virulence.

China ; epidemiology ; Dengue ; epidemiology ; virology ; Dengue Virus ; classification ; genetics ; Genome, Viral ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; genetics