Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound and saline infusion sonography in the evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding. Setting: Philippine General Hospital Design: Cross-sectional study. Transvaginal sonography and saline infusion sonography were performed and findings correlated with histopathologic results obtained by hysteroscopy or endometrial biopsy. Results: At a 95 percent confidence interval, the sensitivity of TVS was higher than SIS (92.9 percent), the specificity of SIS was greater than TVS (50 percent vs 0). The positive predictive value and negative predictive of SIS (91.7 percent, 50 percent) were both greater than that obtained by TVS (86.7 percent, 0). Comparing these two proportions, there was no sufficient evidence to say that there exists a significant difference. Conclusion: Transvaginal sonography and saline infusion sonography are invaluable tools in the evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding.
HEMORRHAGE ; ULTRASONOGRAPHY ; SALINE SOLUTION, HYPERTONIC

The effects of subconjunctivally injected normal saline and hypertonic saline solution on the choroidal blood flow in albino rabbits were investigated. By the injection of 0.9% saline solution, no significant changes in the choroidal blood flow took place. Subconjunctival injection of 3% saline solution produced increase in the blood flow which continued for 30 minutes. The average increase was 22%. Hot dry compress by infra-red lamp for 10 minutes increased also the blood flow by 41 % which lasted for 20 minutes after cessation of hot compress.
Choroid ; Rabbits ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic* ; Sodium Chloride

To detect the type of contact dermatitis caused due to the handling of Alstroemeria wilhelmina, 1% α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (α-MBL) dissolved in physiological saline and a five-fold diluted saline solution of original extracts of flowers, leaves and stems of the flower were applied to guinea-pigs for induction treatment, and 0.1% α-MBL physiological saline and a ten-fold diluted solution of the original extracts were applied to the animals as the challenge treatment in compliance with the guinea-pig maximization test (GMT). As a consequence, not only primary irritant dermatitis was observed, but also delayed type allergic contact dermatitis due to Alstroemeria wilhelmina was observed. α-MBL determined in the extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was found to be the biochemical material cause of the contact dermatitis. The flower region contained α-MBL in the highest concentrations compared with those of the leaves and stems. Therefore, the quantification of α-MBL in the extracts was concluded as being a useful evaluating method for contact dermatitis due to the handling of Alstroemeria.
Swine ; Dermatitis, Contact ; BUTYROLACTONE ; Saline ; Pulmonary evaluation

PURPOSE: This study set out to identify the association between the intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations and postoperative pain by dividing the participants into a control group and 2 experimental groups receiving irrigation (1 L and 2 L), and directly measuring their intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations with a CO₂ gas detector. METHODS: A total of 101 patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification I and II patients aged 18–65 years were enrolled in the study. Group 1 did not receive irrigation with normal saline, while groups 2 and 3 were administered irrigation with 1 L and 2 L of normal saline, respectively, after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations were measured with a CO₂ gas detector through the port, and postoperative pain was assessed on a visual analogue scale at 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery. RESULTS: The intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations were 1,016.0 ± 960.3 ppm in group 1, 524.5 ± 383.2 ppm in group 2, and 362.2 ± 293.6 ppm in group 3, showing significantly lower concentrations in groups 2 and 3. Postoperative pain was significantly lower in group 3 at 6 hours after surgery, and in groups 2 and 3 at 12 hours after the surgery. However, there was no significant difference between the 3 groups in postoperative pain 24 hours after the surgery. CONCLUSION: This study found a causal relationship between the amount of normal saline used for irrigation and the intraperitoneal CO₂ concentrations in that irrigation with normal saline reduces pain on the day of the surgery.
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic* ; Classification ; Humans ; Pain, Postoperative* ; Saline Waters

This study was carried out to reveal the effect of temperature, salinity and aeration on maturation and hatching of Fibricola seoulensis eggs. The eggs were incubated and were observed daily for the appearance of eyespots and hatching. The results were summerized as follows: From 4-5 days after incubation in distilled water at 28C or at 11-26C, the eyespots began to appear and the rate of eggs with eyespots were over 90% in 28C on the 7th or 8th day. However, eyespots did not appear in 5-15C or 4C by the 18th day. The mature eggs began to hatch at the 8th day, and hatching rate 2 weeks after incubation was over 90% at 28C, but it was below 5% at 11-26C, and 0% at 5-15C and 4C. Aeration did not influence the appearance of eyespots nor hatching. In saline under 0.6%, the rates of eyespots were over 90% on the 7th day. The rate was 55.0% in 0.9% at 20 days, and 0% in 1.2%. The hatching rates in salines below 0.3% concentration were over 90% by 14 days of incubation. However, the rate decreased to 44% in 0.6% saline and to 0% over 0.9% salinity. The eggs incubated in the dark hatched in 12.5% on the 10th day, but hatching rate of maturation eggs increased to 85.7% within 2 hours after exposure to light. Above results demonstrated that the best temperature for maturation and hatching of F. seoulensis eggs was 28C, and the miracidia began to hatch at 8-9 days after incubation. In the field hatching and invasion into snails of the miracidia may occur from May to September in Korea. In salines under 0.3 percent concentration maturation and hatching were not influenced, but as salinity increased hatching was inhibited more than maturation was.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Fibricola seoulensis ; metacercaria ; development ; egg ; saline

A gastric intramural hematoma is very rare and commonly associated with trauma, anticoagulation therapy, coagulopathy, pancreatic disease, aneurysm and peptic ulcer disease. This is a case of gastric intramural hematoma which occurred in a patient taking aspirin after hypertonic saline-epinephrine injection for bleeding from a biopsy site. We describe a case of gastric intramural hematoma that was successfully managed with conservative therapy.
Aneurysm ; Aspirin ; Biopsy ; Epinephrine ; Hematoma* ; Hemorrhage ; Hemostasis* ; Humans ; Pancreatic Diseases ; Peptic Ulcer ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic

Metacercariae of a kind of Levinseniella species were found from a brackish water crabs, Macrophthalmus japonicus de Haan, in the brackish area of Hyungsan river of Kyungpook province. Habitats were the epigastric and progastric regions of Macrophthalmus japonicus. One hundred and seventy five crabs out of 178 examined (98.3 per cent) were infested with metacercariae of Levinseniella species. The infested number of metacercariae in each crabs was average 100 ea. The excystation of metacercaria has not developed in vitro (both saline and tyrode's solution). Many eggs were observed in the metacercariae maintained for 24 or 48 hours in the water-bath. No differences were observed between semi-adult fluke from rat host and those maintained for 24 or 48 hours in vitro.
parasitology-helminth-trematode ; Levinseniella ; Macrophthalmus japonicus ; crab ; epidemiology ; tyrode's solution ; saline

To know the infection status of zoonotic trematode metacercariae in brackish water fish, we surveyed mullets collected from 18 coastal areas in the Republic of Korea. The metacercariae of Pygidiopsis summa were detected in 236 (68.2%) out of 346 mullets examined. They were found in mullets from 15 areas except for those from Boseong-gun (Jeollanam-do), Pohang-si, and Uljin-gun (Gyeongsangbuk-do). Especially in mullets from Taean-gun (Chungcheongnam-do) and Geoje-si (Gyeongsangnam-do), their prevalences were 100% and 95.5%, and the average metacercarial density was more than 1,000 per fish. They were also detected in mullets from 3 coastal lakes, Gyeongpoho, Songjiho, and Hwajinpoho, in Gangwon-do, and their average densities were 419, 147, and 672 per infected fish, respectively. The metacercariae of 5 other heterophyid species, including Heterophyes nocens, Heterophyopsis continua, Metagonimus sp., Stictodora fuscata, and Stictodora lari, were found in the mullets examined. The metacercariae of H. nocens were detected in 66.7, 100, 28.6, 81.6, 3.9, 61.5, and 27.3% of mullets from Muan-gun, Shinan-gun, Haenam-gun, Gangjin-gun, and Boseong-gun (Jeollanam-do), Hadong-gun, and Geoje-si (Gyeongsangnam-do), and their metacercarial intensities were 64, 84, 119, 99, 1, 24, and 24 per fish infected, respectively. From the above results, it has been confirmed that P. summa metacercariae are heavily infected in mullets from coastal areas of Korea. It is suggested that residents who frequently consume raw mullet dish can be easily infected with heterophyid flukes.
Gangwon-do ; Heterophyidae ; Korea ; Lakes ; Metacercariae ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea* ; Saline Waters ; Smegmamorpha* ; Trematoda

OBJECTIVETo compare the effects of 15% hypertonic saline and 20% mannitol in doses of similar osmotic burden for treatment of intracranial hypertension in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

METHODSWe used an alternating treatment protocol to compare the effects of hypertonic saline with that of mannitol given for episodes of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with severe brain injury. Standard guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury were followed. For episodes of increased ICP, 20% mannitol (2 ml/kg, infused for over 20 min) and 15% saline (0.42 ml/kg, administered as a bolus via a central venous catheter) of similar osmotic burden were given alternately, with the choice of agent for the initial hypertensive event determined on a randomized basis. Reduction of ICP and duration of the action were recorded after each event.

RESULTSThe data were collected from 33 patients with 237 hypertensive events. The mean decrease in ICP was 8.7 mm Hg at 28.7∓9.3 min after mannitol treatment as compared with 9.3 mm Hg at 23.6∓7.1 min after treatment with hypertonic saline (P>0.05). The mean duration of the effect was 270 min for mannitol and 318 min for hypertonic saline (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSTreatment with 15% hypertonic saline and 20% mannitol in doses of similar osmotic burden produces similar effects in management of increased ICP in patients with severe traumatic brain injury in terms of the time of action onset, maximum ICP reduction, and duration of action.

PURPOSE: To report a case of toxic corneal reaction induced by accidentally infused distilled water into the anterior chamber during cataract operation. METHODS: 67-year-old female patient was admitted due to corneal edema and opacity which had been developed instantly by distilled water infused into anterior chamber during cataract operation at a private eye clinic. Cataract surgery was performed after 1 week, and the patient was treated with 5% NaCl solution and artificial eyedrop. RESULTS: On the sixth month after operation, the corneal edema and opacity were decreased remarkably. CONCLUSIONS: When acute corneal edema is developed during cataract operation, the surgeon should stop the procedure and examine all intraocular solutions and irrigation fluids. The prognosis must be estimated after use of hypertonic saline solution at least 6 months.
Aged ; Anterior Chamber ; Cataract* ; Corneal Edema ; Female ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic ; Water*