The paper aims to draw out biosocial correlates of nutrition through body mass index (BMI) and chronic energy deficiency (CED). The findings are based on cross-sectional data of 446 women aged 18-60 years from six different endogamous groups of two ecological zones. The mean age of studied women varied from 31 to 36 years. The mean age at menarche was found to be 14.50±1.32 years. Similarly mean age at menopause was found to be 46.22±4.00 years. The mean of reproductive life span varied from 27 to 35 years. Average number of pregnancies per women was 4.44±2.52, average foetal loss was 0.11, children surviving per women was 3.61, whereas average child loss per women was found to be 0.62 and average family size was 9.51. Variations in mean BMI kg/m2 between populations ranged between 18.56 and 20.71. Prevalence of CED was highest among the Brahmin women of Uttarakhand (58.3%) followed by Ahirwar of Madhya Pradesh (47.1%). Incidence of CED was found lowest among Brahmin women of Madhya Pradesh (24.0%). Linear regression coefficient (b ± standard error) of BMI on Cormic Index for these women was 33.1 ± 8.1 (t=4.0, p=0.001), and correlation coefficient (R) was 0.189. Out of 6 anthropometric variables considered for regression analysis, 5, namely weight, hip circumference, waist circumference, mid arm circumference and sitting height showed significant correlations with BMI. Significant differences in sitting height and Cormic Index of women from the hills and plains indicate the role of ecology in shaping its habitants. Out of 9 demographic variables, only age of respondent and family size were found to have a significant impact on low BMI status. The present study postulates that the nutritional status of women has improved over the last decades.

Arm is a site for frequent injuries and it is involved in many surgical procedures. Variations in the arm have immense clinical significance. During the dissection of a right upper limb, brachial artery was found to divide into radial and ulnar arteries, 3cm above the inter-epicondylar plane. The ulnar artery and the median nerve were then passing through a tunnel formed by an extensive additional humeral head of the pronator teres muscle. Two centimetres long fibromuscular tunnel formed by the humeral head of the pronator teres was found to arise from the medial intermuscular septum and also from the fibrous arch form the shaft of the humerus to the medial intermuscular septum. In the same cadaver, the superior ulnar collateral artery was found to arise from the profunda brachii artery which is otherwise a branch of the brachial artery. Accurate knowledge of these variation patterns is of considerable clinical significance in conduct of surgeries of arm, fracture management of humerus and diagnosis of various compressive neuropathies.

Lumbricals are important small intrinsic muscles of the hand, which arise from the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus in the palm distal to the flexor retinaculum and are inserted on to the dorsal digital expansion. Variations in the unipinnate/bipinnate pattern of lumbricals, absence of one or more muscles, origin from the superficial flexor tendons and flexor retinaculum have been reported earlier. In the present case, all four lumbricals were arising from the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus, proximal to the flexor retinaculum in the anterior part of the forearm and extending into the palm through the carpal tunnel. However, there was no variation found with regard to their normal unipinnate (first two) and bipinnate (last two) pattern of origin. In the palm all the four lumbricals were found to be bulkier than their normal size, first one being the bulkiest. The bulky and high origin of lumbricals within the carpal tunnel makes the tunnel a compact space. Therefore, such variation is one of the predisposing factors for the carpal tunnel syndrome. Thus, the knowledge of such variant origin of lumbricals is helpful not only during carpal tunnel release but also during the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound based diagnosis of carpal tunnel and during the flexor tendon repair and reconstruction.

Objective: This prospective study aimed to study the prognostic value of routine haematological and biochemical parameters in patients of acute hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) on fatality occurring during fi rst 30 days, and to estimate its case fatality rate, demographic and clinical correlates. Methods: One hundred and eleven consecutive patients with proved hypertensive ICH within 72 hours of symptom onset were studied. After clinical evaluation and neuroimaging, blood investigations including hemoglobin, total leukocyte count, platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, random blood sugar, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, serum bilirubin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin estimations were performed. The patients were followed up for a maximum period of 30 days from the onset of stroke. Results: Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that a low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (Odd`s ratio (OR) 17.54, p=0.001); high serum bilirubin (OR=7.97, p=0.021), and low serum albumin (OR=13.31, p=0.001) correlated signifi cantly with death. Conclusions: Our study shows that low GCS, raised serum bilirubin, and low serum albumin are marker of poor outcome in ICH.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been earmarked as suitable for implantation within the human of its chemical makeup to human bone. In this paper, HA powders were synthesized via the precipitation method where phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was titrated into calcium hydroxide solution [Ca(OH)2]. Two parameters such as temperature and stirring rate were identified as factors that influenced the amount and purity of HA powder. Phase identification of the synthesized powder was done using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results show that HA phase can be synthesized from this titration process of Ca(OH)2 and H3PO4 with yield amount of HA powder around 45 - 61 grams but with less than hundred percent purity. In order to study the effect of heat treatment to HA crystals structure, HA powder was calcined at 850 degrees C for 2 hours. It's found that the degree of crystallinity increases after calcination because of lattice expansion when the materials were heated at higher temperature
Biocompatible Materials/*chemical synthesis ; Calcium Hydroxide ; Durapatite/*chemical synthesis ; Phosphoric Acids ; Precipitation ; X-Ray Diffraction

Liposomes have been widely investigated since 1970 as drug carriers for improving the delivery of therapeutic agents to specific sites in the body. As a result, numerous improvements have been made to make this technology potential the treatment of certain diseases in the clinics. This review mainly focused on various aspects related to the vesicular system, including method of preparation, stabilization, drawbacks, and applications. Various types of vesicular systems such as liposomes, niosomes, transfersomes, pharmacosomes, and nanoparticle have been discussed briefly along with some other emerging vescicular systems (photosomes, archaesomes, genosomes, cryptosomes, discomes) focusing on cell specific gene transfer, photodynamic therapy and ligand mediated drug targeting. Present applications of the liposomes are in the immunology, dermatology, vaccine adjuvant, eye disorders, brain targeting, infective disease and in tumour therapy. The new developments in this field are of specific binding properties of a drug-carrying liposome to a target cell such as a tumor cell and specific molecules in the body (antibodies, proteins, peptides etc), stealth liposomes which are especially used as carriers for hydrophilic (water soluble) anticancer drugs like doxorubicin, mitoxantrone and bisphosphonate-liposome mediated depletion of macrophages. This review would help researchers working in the area of liposomal drug delivery.

The coracoid process is a bony projection arising from the antero-lateral aspect of the scapula. The variation in the height and length of the coracoid process are responsible for altered size and shape of the space between the coracoacromial arch and the rotator cuff. The study was conducted on sixty-four dry adult human scapulae of unknown age and sex with a view to elucidate the morphological and osteometric details. The length of coracoid process on right side was 41.01±3.55 mm and it was found to be 40.88±3.83 mm on left sided. The breadth of coracoid process was observed as 13.93±1.13 mm and 13.25±1.26 mm on right and left side respectively and the difference between the two sides was statistically significant (p=0.026). Thickness of the coracoid process was 8.59±1.32 mm and 8.01±1.16 mm in right and left sided scapulae. The acromiocoracoid distance was found to be 38.48±4.03 mm on right side and 35.51±3.83 mm on left sided scapulae and the difference between to the two sides showed high statistically significance (p=0.004). Mean coracoglenoid distance was noted 26.23±3.05 mm and 24.94±2.75 mm on right and left sided scapulae respectively. Values of the thickness of coracoid process recorded in the present study are at appreciable variance with the result of previous study. The coracoid process constitutes an important component of the scapular glenoid construct and is involved in many surgical interventions on the glenohumeral joint. Comprehension of standard morphometric details of the coracoid process is vital in traumatic cases, surgical interventions and replacement surgeries in the shoulder region.
Coracoid ; process ; scapula ; osteometric ; clinical

Frequent variations are reported in muscles and ligaments of lower limb suggesting that these muscles are yet to achieve the evolutionary fate. Extensor Hallucis longus (EHL) is one such muscle exhibiting anomalies which prove to be of importance while explaining functional anatomy and clinical correlations of the foot. The current study reports unilateral presence of variant EHL tendon encountered during cadaveric dissection of dorsum of foot for undergraduate teaching. The tendon bifurcated into two slips (medial and lateral) at the base of first metatarsal. The main tendinous slip (lateral) was found to be inserted as usual on the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanx of great toe. The thin medial slip was attached to the medial half of dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of the great toe medial to the insertion of extensor hallucis brevis. An attempt is made to discuss the clinical implications of the variation in the light of available anatomical literature. The results of current study are of clinical relevance to orthopedicians and reconstructive surgeons.
Accessory tendon ; Hallux valgus ; Extensor hallucis longus ; Reconstructive surgery ; Tendon repair

Background: Migraine is associated with atherosclerosis and white matter hyperintensities. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between white matter hyperintensities and carotid intima-media thickness in patients who have migraines without auras. Methods: The study enrolled 105 patients; of these, 43 patients had migraine without white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and 32 had migraine with WMH. There were also 30 healthy control subjects. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether or not they had WMHs on their brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All subjects, including the control group, underwent brain MRI and carotid ultrasonographic examination to evaluate WMH and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), respectively. Results: The groups did not differ with regard to demographics and clinical findings. The CIMT was significantly greater in patients who had migraine without WMH than in the control group (p < 0.001) and in those who had migraine with WMH than in those who had migraine without WMH (p = 0.004) Conclusion: CIMT values were higher in migraine patients with WMH than in migraine patients without WMH. Migraine patients with WMH may be at a greater risk of developing future vascular events.

Signet ring cell adenocarcinomas may be encountered in various parts of gastrointestinal tract but are almost unheard of in the region of ampulla of vater. In the region of ampulla of vater even if we come across an adenocarcinoma, it is usually a well differentiated variant. A 56-year-old female with features of obstructive jaundice on evaluation was diagnosed to have a peri-ampullary carcinoma.The patient was subjected to a laparotomy. On exploration patient was found to have a malrotation of gut. Patient was subjected to a pylorus preserving pancreatico-duodenectomy. Histopathology of the resected specimen revealed a signet ring morphology which is a rare variant in periampullary region.
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell