Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; Hedyotis ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Polysaccharides

The authors report a rare case of reticulum cell sarcoma-microgliomatosis which was extended into the leptomeninges, the Virchow-Robin spaces and choroid plexus invading the cerebral parenchyma in the left temporal area. Histogenesis of this tumor is briefly discussed.
Brain* ; Choroid Plexus ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin* ; Reticulum*

Recent reports revealed that the Na+/-Ca2+ exchangers and feet structures of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) are located in close vicinity in the specific compartment. Therefore, we investigated the possibility that the Na+/-Ca2+ exchanger may decrease the tension development by transporting the Ca2+ out of the cell right after it released from SR, on the basis of this anatomical proximity. We examined the negative force-frequency relationship of the developed tension in the electrically field stimulated left atria of postnatal developing rat (1, 3 day, 1 week and 4 week old after birth). Cyclopiazonic acid (3 X 10(-5) M) treatment decreased the developed tension further according to postnatal age. Monensin (3 X 10(-6) M) treatment did not increase the maximal tension in 4 week-old rat, preserving negative staircase, while the negative staircase in the younger rat were flattened. Ca2+ depletion in the buffer elicited more suppression of the maximal tension according to the frequency in all groups except the 4 week-old group. The % decrease of the maximal developed tension of 4 week-old group at 1 Hz to that of 0.1 Hz after Na+ and Ca2+ depletion was only a half of those of the younger groups. Taken together, it is concluded that the Na+/-Ca2+ exchange transports more Ca2+ released from SR out of the cell in proportion to the frequency, and this is responsible for the negative staircase effect of the rat heart.
Animals ; Foot ; Heart* ; Monensin ; Rats* ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

It has been shown that mitochondria not only control their own Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]), but also exert an influence over Ca(2+) signaling of the entire cell, including the endoplasmic reticulum or the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the plasma membrane, and the nucleus. That is to say, mitochondria couple cellular metabolic state with Ca(2+) transport processes. This review focuses on the ways in which the mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling system provides integrity and modulation for the cell to cope with the complex actions throughout its life cycle, enumerates some indeterminate aspects about it, and finally, prospects directions of future research.
Biological Transport ; Calcium Signaling ; Cell Membrane ; physiology ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; physiology ; Mitochondria ; physiology ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ; physiology

The formation and development of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies of type II pneumocyte were investigated using 7 cases of human fetal lungs from 9 to 20 weeks of gestation by transmission electron micropscopy. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The multilamellar bodies, the characteristic inclusion body of type II pneumocyte, have developed in developing epithelium of lung at 9 week of gestation. Another inclusion bodies specific to type II pneumocyte also have developed at that time. 2. The inclusion bodies were formed in association with cytoplasmic reticulum, outer membrane of nuclear envelope, and mitochondria. 3. The inclusion bodies were distributed in cluster at the apical cytoplasm, and classified schematically with the contents as multilamellar, cytoplasmic, granular/f locculent, multivesicular, dense, and multilamellar. But the intermediate and composite forms of inclusion bodies appeared at the time toward 20 week of gestation. In summary, it is suggested that the differentiation of type II pneumocyte starts before 9 week of gestation and 4 main types of inclusion bodies considered as the precursor of multilamellar body were found. Although the inclusion bodies were formed at endoplasmic reticulum or etc, it is likely that they form multilamellar body through the complex process such as fusion of inclusion bodies.
Cytoplasm ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Epithelium ; Fetus* ; Humans* ; Inclusion Bodies* ; Lung ; Membranes ; Mitochondria ; Nuclear Envelope ; Pneumocytes* ; Pregnancy ; Reticulum

Apoptosis is an important host defense mechanism against mycobacterial infection. Recent reports suggest that links between apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are critical for the regulation of mycobacterial survival; however, the exact regulatory mechanisms are not well known. In this study, we isolated 20 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) clinical strains from Korean patients and examined ER stress-mediated apoptosis in Mtb-infected macrophages. Most Mtb strains increased the rates of apoptosis and production of ER stress-sensing molecules in mouse macrophages, similar to Mtb H37Rv infection. Moreover, the intracellular survival of Mtb clinical isolates in macrophages was similar to that of H37Rv. Our data suggest that infection with Mtb downregulated MCP-1 and MCPIP. The regulation of MCPIP may decrease ROS production, leading to a reduction in ER stress-mediated apoptosis.
Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress* ; Endoplasmic Reticulum* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Macrophages* ; Mice ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium*

Histochemical and electron microscopic studies were made on the canal epithelium of the body segment of the rabbit epididymis and following results were obtained. 1) Acid phosphatase activity was marked in the canal epithelium. especially of the proximal body segment of the epididymis. Granules reactive to the acid phosphatase were present in both the above and below the nucleus 2) Electron microscopic finding: Canal epithelium of the body segment of the rabbit epididymis consisted of largely principal cells. Very few light and few basal cells. Principal cells were characterized by having slender microvilli (stereocilia). Luminal vesicles and vacuoles, extensive Golgi areas and many dense bodies in the supranuclear region, remarkable endoplasmic reticulum of mainly agranular type throughout the cytoplasm. Infranuclear cytoplasm contained often abundant mitochodria, many dense bodies and significant amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum. Light cells were characterized by having light cytoplasm, numerous vesicles, many vacuoles and dense bodies. Basal cells were present characterized by haying small nucleus, small number of cell organelles and rather clear cytoplasm From these results, it is suggested that the principal cell may have dual function of secretion and absorption and the light cell may engage mainly in absorptive function.
Absorption ; Acid Phosphatase ; Cytoplasm ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough ; Epididymis* ; Epithelium* ; Male ; Microvilli ; Organelles ; Phenobarbital ; Vacuoles

Mitochondrial injury and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are considered to be the key mechanisms of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles that form close physical contact with a specific domain of the ER, known as mitochondrial-associated membranes. The close physical contact between them is mainly restrained by ER-mitochondria tethering complexes, which can play an important role in mitochondrial damage, ER stress, lipid homeostasis, and cell death. Several ER-mitochondria tethering complex components are involved in the process of renal I/R injury. A better understanding of the physical and functional interaction between ER and mitochondria is helpful to further clarify the mechanism of renal I/R injury and provide potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we aim to describe the structure of the tethering complex and elucidate its pivotal role in renal I/R injury by summarizing its role in many important mechanisms, such as mitophagy, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial fusion, apoptosis and necrosis, ER stress, mitochondrial substance transport, and lipid metabolism.
Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism* ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; Humans ; Mitochondria ; Mitochondrial Membranes/metabolism* ; Mitophagy ; Reperfusion Injury/metabolism*

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle where folding and post-translational modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins take place. During virus infection, cellular or viral unfolded and misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER in an event called ER stress. To maintain the equilibrium homeostasis of the ER, signal-transduction pathways, known as unfolded protein response (UPR), are activated. The viruses in turn manipulate UPR to maintain an environment favorable for virus survival and replication. Herpesviruses are enveloped DNA viruses that produce over 70 viral proteins. Modification and maturation of large quantities of viral glycosylated envelope proteins during virus replication may induce ER stress, while ER stress play both positive and negative roles in virus infection. Here we summarize the research progress of crosstalk between herpesvirus infection and the virus-induced ER stress.
Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism* ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; Herpesviridae ; Signal Transduction ; Unfolded Protein Response

As an extremely important organelle in eukaryotic cells, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in the synthesis and processing of biomacromolecules, material transport, ion homeostasis maintenance, signal transduction, exchange of materials and signals between organelles. Many important human diseases, such as cancers, autoimmune diseases, pathogenic infections, neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes, are closely related to ER dysfunction. With the development of nanotechnology, the exploration and application of ER-targeted nanodrugs gradually become a research hotspot in the field of nanomedicine, bioengineering, material chemistry and other fields. In this paper, the relationship between ER dysfunction and disease occurrence, the principle of designing ER-targeted nanodrugs and their biomedical application are reviewed. ER-targeted nanodrugs are designed based on nanodrug carriers or self-assembly of bioactive molecules. These nanodrugs could target the ER in an active or passive manner and function by disrupting or maintaining the ER functions. The ER-targeting nanodrugs have a wide application prospect in cancer therapy, immune regulation, nervous system repairment, and so on.
Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Signal Transduction