The present study attempted to induce an acquired immunity against the dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum. The experiments were carried out to demonstrate and confirm whether an acquired resistance could be developed by the repeated lowgrade infections with the infective larvae of A. caninum in the abnormal host of mouse. In order to determined the distribution of hookworm larvae in the lungs and liver of mice after inoculation of infective larvae, 54 mice were inoculated with 1,000 larvae and sacrificed in batches daily up to 9 days after infection. It was found that in all cases the average total number of larvae recovered from the lungs and liver increased at 48 hours after infection, then began to decrease and reached 0 to 1 at the 9th day after inoculation. One hundred fifteen mice were immunized 2 or 4 times at 7 day intervals with 50 infective larvae, followed by challenging infection with 1,000 infective larvae and killed in batches at 48 hours after challenge. The interval between challenge and last immunization were from one to four weeks for each group. Sixty mice as the controls were given only challenging infection without previous immunization infection. Induced resistance was evaluated by the rate of recovery or the average total number of the larvae recovered from the lungs and liver in the challenged mice, compared with the controls. It was noted that the rates of recovery in the controls were twice or nearly higher than those in the previously infected mice in all instances and these remained low for the first 7 day intervals between the last immunizing infection and challenge, then gradually increased. From the above observations it is highly suggested that an acquired resistance can be produced by repeated previous infections with the larvae of A. caninum, even in low grade, in the abnormal host of mouse, and evaluated by the rate of recovery of the larvae after challenge.
parasitology-helminth-nematode-Ancylostoma caninum ; immunology ; recovery rate

PURPOSE: This study was to examine the effects of noise block on anxiety and vital sign of gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: The data were collected from March to May 2011. Participants were sixty patients with gynecologic laparoscopic surgery, divided into 30 of experimental group and 30 of control group at C University hospital located in I city. The day before surgery, demographic data, trait-state anxiety and vital signs were measured at ward. After noise block, the data were measured using VAS anxiety and vital signs before anesthesia and in recovery room. And then state anxiety and vital signs were measured in ward after surgery. The data were analyzed by chi2-test, t-test, repeated measured ANOVA and Bonferroni comparison method using SPSS/WIN 19.0. RESULTS: After conducting noise block program, the experimental group showed significant decrease in state anxiety and heart rate compared to those of the control group. But there were not significant differences in VAS anxiety, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure between two groups. CONCLUSION: This program can be regarded as an effective nursing intervention for the management of anxiety with gynecologic laparoscopic surgery.
Anesthesia ; Anxiety ; Blood Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Laparoscopes ; Laparoscopy ; Noise ; Operating Rooms ; Recovery Room ; Vital Signs

An endotracheal tube (ETT) may be thought of as a mechanical burden to a spontaneously breathing patient because increases in airway resistance might result in increases in the work of breathing,when diameter of airway is decreased in the intubated patient compared with his own tracheal diameter. We hypothesized that air removal from ETT cuff would permit the airflow between ETT and tracheal wall and could make the airway resistance decrease. Postanesthetic patients after abdominal surgery were divided into two groups. ETT cuff was inflated in group 1 (n=25) and deflated in group 2 (n=25), while 5 l/min of oxygen was delivered through the ETT via a simple oxygen supplement device without a gas reservoir. The effects of balloon on gas exchange and respiratory pattern were evaluated at 5 and 30 minutes after admission to the recovery room. Postanesthetic PaO2 was increased compared to preanesthetic value with oxygen supply. PaCO2 values revealed no significant changes in preanesthetic and postanesthetic periods. Postanesthetic respiratory rate was increased significantly but there was no difference between two groups. However, there were three hypoxemic patients whose PaO2 were below 70mmHg in group 1. It was concluded that the use of balloon of ETT in postanesthetic recovery period might contribute to airway resistance and the work of breathing. Although almost of patients could make compensations to overcome the effects of balloon, there is a risk of postoperative hypoxemia if compensated inadequately.
Airway Resistance ; Anoxia ; Humans ; Oil and Gas Fields ; Oxygen ; Recovery Room ; Respiration ; Respiratory Rate ; Work of Breathing

Usually, blood pressure and pulse rate are increased in the light planes of anesthesia at the end of operation especially just prior to extubation. The increasing of heart rate and blood pressure produce an elevation in cardiac work and oxygen demand and can lead to mycardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Tracheal anesthesia with 2 or 4% lidocaine (jelly and liquid) was done as a method which permits patients to be extubated during light planes of anesthesia. The results were as follows: 1) Each groups had similar blood pressure and pulse rate five or ten miriutes before extubation. 2) Lidocaine group did not have a significant elevation in systolic or diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate at or after extubation or in the recovery room. 3) The control group had significantly increases in both pressure and pulse rate(p<0.01). The data suggest that maneuver should be of advantage to patients with coronary artery disease who may not be able to tolerate the increased cardiac dynamics during extubation period.
Anesthesia* ; Blood Pressure* ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Heart Rate* ; Humans ; Ischemia ; Lidocaine ; Methods ; Oxygen ; Recovery Room

BACKGROUND: Sedation in spinal anesthesia can reduce patient's anxiety and discomfort. Dexmedetomidine has a sedative, hypnotic, analgesic, and minimal respiratory depression effect. However, use of the dexmedetomidine is associated with prolonged recovery. This study was designed to investigate the optimal dose of intravenous dexmedetomidine for proper sedation with minimal recovery time in spinal anesthesia. METHODS: One hundred twenty eight patients, aged 20-70 years (58.8 +/- 0.7), were recruited. After performing the spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine (13 mg), a loading dose of dexmedetomidine (1 microg/kg) was administered for 10 min, followed by the maintenance infusion of the following: Group A (n = 33; normal saline), Group B (n = 35; dexmedetomidine 0.2 microg/kg/hr), and Group C (n = 39; dexmedetomidine 0.4 microg/kg/hr). Heart rate, blood pressure, and the bispectral index score (BIS) were recorded during the operation. In the recovery room, modified aldrete score (MAS) was measured. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in mean blood pressure and heart rate among the three groups. BIS was not significantly different among the three groups from baseline to 60 min after the infusion of dexmedetomidine. BIS were significantly increased in Group A after 70 and 80 min, and Group A and B after 90, 100, 110 min of dexmedetomidine infusion (P < 0.05). MAS was higher in Group A as compared to Group B and C, within 30 min after admission in the recovery room (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The loading dose (1 microg/kg/10 min) of dexmedetomidine was sufficient for surgery of less than 60 min. Dexmedetomidine infusion followed by maintenance dose (0.2 microg/kg/hr) was sufficient for surgery within 90 min.
Aged ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Anxiety ; Blood Pressure ; Bupivacaine ; Dexmedetomidine ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Recovery Room ; Respiratory Insufficiency

This study was performed to examine the safety of the Aldrete Scoring system and the reliability of 8 objective non-invasive methods in the evaluation of post-anesthesia recovery. Aldrete Score(AS) and Maximum Inspiratory Force(MIF), Hand Muscle Grip Power(HMGP), Respiratory Frequency(RF), Tidal Volume(V(T)), Arterial Oxygen Saturation(SaO2), systolic blood pressure(sBP), heart rate(HR), and orientation were measured in the pre-anesthesia period, at the arrival in recovery room and using the AS 10, in 137 patients during a 3 month in 1998 at K hospital. Data obtained by the objective non-invasive methods of the AS 10 were compared with their relevant recovery criteria to the 8 objective non-invasive methods by the use of the t-test. The results were as follows: 1. The MIF of 63 patients using the AS 10 was below the discharge criteria from recovery room(DCrm), but the mean MIF(-34.6 +/- 23.4 cmH2O) was above the DCrm. Women, over 30 years of age or weighing below 60kg, showed significant differences from those whose MIF was below the DCrm(P<0.05). 2. V(T) of 118 patients at AS 10 was below their DCrm and the mean V(T)(3.5 +/- 1.4ml/kg) was significant 19 lower than difference below the DCrm(P<0.01). Women were more commonly present among those who V(T) was below the DCrm. 3. SaO2 of 2 patients using the AS 10 was below their DCrm, but the mean SaO2(98.0 +/- 0.8%) was above the DCrm. 4. HMGP and orientation using the AS 10 were above their DCrm. 5. RF, systolic blood pressure and pulse rate using the AS 10 were within the range of their DCrm. 6. V(T), MIF and SaO2 of some patients, who complained of general malaise or respiratory difficulty during the postanesthesia 24 hours, were less than DCrm. The Above results showed that AS 10 alone was not enough to fulfil the recovery discharge criteria of MIF, V(T) and SaO2, Hence some objective non-invasive monitorings such as SaO2, MIF and V(T) need to be adopted to secure the safe recovery in the recovery room.
Blood Pressure ; Female ; Hand ; Hand Strength ; Heart ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Oxygen ; Recovery Room

The post operative hypoxemia may delay the recovery from surgical damage, exacerbate organ dysfunction and contribute the mortality. The old patients are increased in the medical situation nowadays, the incidence of perioperative complications are also increased including post anesthetic hypoxemia. Herein we analysed the post operative hypoxemia in transference of the operated patient to the recovery room using pulse oximeter. During the period of 9 months from Mar. 1988, 32 patients with over 60 years old and ASA class 2 or 3 were included in this study. Hypoxemia was defined as less than 90% SaO2, (arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2 = 58 mmHg)). SaO2of the patient who breathed the room air for 5 min. after extubation (group 3) and just arrived at PAR (group 4) was significantly lower than preoperative SaO2(p<0.05). Hypoxemia occured in 18.8% of the patients in group 3 and 25% in group 4. During the short term period as transfering the operated patients to the recovery room the incidence of hypoxemia increased by 6.2%. There was no significance in change of pulse rate or systolic blood pressure statistically. Because surprising high incidence of hypoxemia in geriatric patients, the monitoring of the SaO2 and oxygen supply are mandatory in the high risk patients during postoperative transfer to the PAR.
Anoxia ; Blood Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Incidence ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Oxygen* ; Partial Pressure ; Recovery Room

Remeflin is known as an analeptic which stimulates the bulbar respiratory center, thereby causing an increase in pulmonary ventilation. The author observed the effect of Remeflin upon respiration i.e. tidal volume, minute volume and respiratory rate, and circulation, i.e. blood pressure and pulse rate, in postanesthetic patients. Ventilatory and circulatory changes were measured at 2 minutes. intervals up to 30 minutes. after intravenous injection of the drug (0. 25 mg/kg) to 40 patients in the recovery room. The results were as follows: 1) Remeflin significantly increased tidal volume and minute volume. 2) Remeflin did not significantly alter respiratory rate, blood pressure and pulse rste. 3) Improvement in the respiratory function by Remeflin was due to an increase in the depth of respiration. 4) Side effects by Remeflin were absent except for navsea or vomiting in a few cases.
Blood Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Pulmonary Ventilation ; Recovery Room ; Respiration* ; Respiratory Center ; Respiratory Rate ; Tidal Volume ; Vomiting

Esmolol is a cardioselective beta-blocker with a very rapid onset of action and a short half-life. Labetalol is a combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent. It is a nonselective antagonist at beta-adrenoceptors and a competitive antagonist of postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors. A 51 year old female patient was transferred to the operating room for performing spinal fusion under general anesthesia. She had no operation and medication history. The initial heart rate was 150 beats/min. Despite administering several bolus injections of esmolol, the heart rate was not decreased to under 130 beats/min. But the heart rate was decreased to 100 beats/min after the administration of labetalol 5 mg and this rate was maintained without an additional injection. The vital signs were stable until the operation was finished and the patient recovered uneventfully in the recovery room. The postoperative laboratory findings revealed that she had hyperthyroidism. We report here on an anesthetic experience of effective labetalol treatment for esmolol-resistant tachycardia in a patient who was under general anesthesia.
Anesthesia, General ; Female ; Half-Life ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hyperthyroidism ; Labetalol ; Operating Rooms ; Propanolamines ; Recovery Room ; Spinal Fusion ; Tachycardia ; Vital Signs

BACKGROUND: Tracheal extubation can be performed while patients are deeply anesthetized or when they are awake. Each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages. But necessity for deep extubating conditions, and what level of anesthesia is adequately deep, is still controversial. Clinical conditions of patients or the preference of the anesthesiologist has dictated the choice of extubation technique. METHOD: Anesthesia was induced and maintained as usual manners. The 49 healthy children between 3 and 12 year of age undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy were randomly assigned to group 1(extubation at 1 MAC of enflurane) and group 2(awake extubation). SpO2 and airway-related complications(cough, breath-holding, airway obstruction, and laryngospasm) were observed for 5 minutes after extubation with 100% O2 by mask, and SpO2 and heart rate were measured for 90 seconds during transportation to the recovery room with room air breathing. RESULTS: The total incidence of airway-related complications in group 2 were higher than in group 1. However, group 1 showed severer complications than in group 2 such as airway obstruction and laryngospasm. There was no differences between the two groups in SpO2 and heart rate changes with 100% O2 mask just after extubation and during transportation. Group 1 showed higher SpO2 than group 2 upon arrival in the recovery room. CONCLUSION: We concluded that in healthy children undergoing elective oral surgery, airway-related complications are likely to be influenced more by the skill, experience and preference of the anesthesiologist than by the method alone.
Adenoidectomy ; Airway Extubation ; Airway Obstruction ; Anesthesia ; Child* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Incidence ; Laryngismus ; Masks ; Recovery Room ; Respiration ; Surgery, Oral ; Tonsillectomy ; Transportation