In order to study host-parasite relationship in trematode, the susceptibility in rabbits of Clonorchis sinensis were examined. A certain number of metacercariae of C. sinensis were administered orally to rabbits, and rats and dogs were used to compare with rabbits. the results were summerized as follows: The rabbits were successfully infected with metacercariae of C. sinensis in all case of the groups given 10 to 500 each. But the highest recovery rate of the worm was 33.0 percent in the case given 100 metacercariae. In the early stage of infection, the worms were hardly found, but 10 days after the infection, the number of worms were detected easily. Three months after the infection, the recovery rate of worms was 31.3 percent in the rabbits given 300 metacercariae. The recovery rates of the worms in two months after the infection were 27.4 percent in rabbits, 51.0 percent in rats and 54.6 percent in dogs. Morphologically the body length and the body width markedly increased in the period until 10 days after the infection, and after that the genital organs began to get mature gradually while the growth of the body showed down. The measurement of adult C. sinensis recovered from the animals two months after the infection was the largest in rabbits followed by rats and the worms from dogs showed the smallest measurement.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; rabbit ; biology

Thirteen guinea pigs and 23 rabbits were challenged with 300 metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis each and the recovery of adult worms and egg counts in feces were compared at 11-13 weeks post-infection in guinea pigs and at 7-9 weeks post-infection in rabbits. The recovery rate of adult worm was 23.5 percent in guinea pigs and 20.l-30.5 percent in rabbits. The mean E.P.G. of these animals in above period of infection was 106 in guinea pigs and 121 in rabbits. When one hundredth of E.P.G. was expressed as X and the number of adult worms as Y, the relationships between X and Y were as follows; Y=0.8X+10.8 in guinea pigs and Y=0.7X+6 in rabbits.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; guinea pig ; rabbit ; egg

Serological studies on toxoplasmosis were conducted with rabbits sera that were immunized with RH strain or infected with Beverley strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Complement fixation tests, agar-gel double diffusion tests and agar-gel immunoelectrophoresis were performed. Toxoplasma crude antigen was prepared from the organisms in mice peritoneal fluids, which were infected with RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The organisms were suspended in saline volume originally exudated and counted in hemocytometer for purity of the organisms over 99 per cent. These suspended organisms were prepared by sonication, and the solution was centrifuged for 30 min. at 10,000 rpm in 4C. These supernatant fluids were used as crude antigen. On the other hand, purified antigens were fractionated on Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. A Sephadex G-200 column, 80 by 4 cm, equilibrated with Tris-HCl-(0.1 M)-NaCl (1.0 M) buffer, pH 8.0 was used. The eluate fractions were collected in 3 ml per hour and the absorbance at 280 nm was measured with a Beckman Du-2 spectrophotometer. Each tube is pooled into 6 fractions by protein density graph. For immunization of rabbits, crude antigen of RH strain was emulsified with an equal amount of incomplete Freund's adjuvant and l ml of mixture was injected subcutaneously into them once a week for 5 successive weeks. Antisera were obtained at an interval of a week, beginning the first week after the last immunization, while several rabbits were infected with Beverley strain of Toxoplasma gondii by inoculating about 200 cysts and antisera were obtained from them serially at a week interval. The results were as follows: The sera from the rabbits immunized with the RH strain or infected with Beverley strain of Toxoplasma gondii againist the crude antigen showed the first positive reactions in 2 or 3 weeks after the administration or immunization in complement fixation tests. Maximum titers appeared in 4 or 5 weeks after immunization with RH strain and in 7 or 9 weeks after infection with Beverley strain respectively. Complement fixation tests showed the positive reactions in the rabbits sera immunized with RH strain against the purified antigens II, III, IV, V and VI: moreover, antigen IV fraction showed the highest titer. On the other hand in the rabbits sera infected with Beverley strain against the purifed antigens II, III and IV fractions showed the positive reaction; especially, antigen fraction IV showed the highest titer. In immuno-diffusion tests, the sera from the rabbits immunized with RH strain and infected with Beverley strain, against the crude antigen appeared the precipitin bands 2 weeks after the immunization or infection. And the former showed the 2 or 5 precipitin bands after 5-8 weeks and the latter showed the l or 2 precipitin bands after 6 weeks. The sera from the rabbits immunized with RH strain against the purified antigens II, III, IV,V and VI showed the precipitin bands, and the sera from the rabbits infected with Beverley strain against the purified antigens II, III and IV showed the precipitin bands in the immuno-diffusion tests. Especially antigen IV was the strongest reaction against the sera from RH strain and Beverley strain. In agar-gel immunoelectrophoresis, the immunized sera against the crude antigen showed 8 arcs. But the infected sera against the crude antigen showed 4 or 5 arcs. The immunized sera against the fractionated antigens II, III, IV, V, VI showed arcs, but against the fractionated antigen IV showed 6 arcs and in the antigens II, III, V, VI showed l or 2 arcs only. On the other hand, the infected sera against the fractionated antigens IV showed 4 arcs, II and III showed the l arcs, which was the most weak of all.
parasitology-protozoa-Toxoplasma gondii ; toxoplasmosis ; rabbit ; immunology ; electrophoresis

The present work was done to isolate the anthelmintic substance from the tuber of Bletilla striata which grows Gangweon-do of the Korea peninsula. The dried B. striata tuber was extracted with ethyl ether by a Soxhlet extractor at 40C for 24 hours, and then the extract was separated into insoluble material (negative wormicidal) and soluble material (positive wormicidal) by petroleum ether solvent. The wormicidal substance was separated in the silica gel column chromatography from the petroleum ether extract, using benzene (90 percent) and acetone (10 percent) as a solvent. The anthelmintic activity was observed in vitro on the cercaria, the excysted metacercaria and the adult of Clonorchis sinensis. On the silica gel thin layer chromatography with the wormicidal substance in benzene:acetone/90:10, five spots were observed in iodine chamber and the spot of Rf. 0.18 value of them appeared the most strong wormicidal effect on the cercaria of C. sinensis. Afterward, a substance which was equivalent to the Rf. 0.18 value spot was isolated from the wormicidal substance by means of silica gel column chromatography using 1 part of ethyl acetate and 6 parts of chloroform carrier, and the excysted matacercaria and the adult of C. sinensis were killed within 14 minutes and 128 minutes in the substance.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; biochemistry ; anthelminthic ; rabbit ; Bletilla striata

The Trichomonas immobilization-agglomeration reaction was studied using the sera from women with vaginal trichomoniasis and from rabbits inoculated with cultures of T. vaginalis. It was found that the greatest amount of immobilization occurred at 25 to 30 minutes, and that inactivation of the sera did not affect the results. An evidence of antigenic differences between T. vaginalis, T. hominis and C. albicans was confirmed. The immobilization reaction was positive in 80.3% of the 71 T. vaginalis positive cases, but in only 7.7% of the 77 persons of T. vaginalis negative cases. From the above results, it is suggested that immobilization reaction is a useful tool for the diagnosis of T. vaginalis infection.
parasitology-protozoology-Trichomonas vaginalis ; immobilization ; agglomeration ; human ; rabbit ; culture-media

A morphological study on the ultrastructures of body wall and the nervous system of Clonorchis sinensis was conducted. For this study, liver flukes were collected from the liver of rabbit six months after the infection with metacercariae obtained from the fresh water fish, Pseudorasbora parva. The collected materials were washed with 0.85 percent saline solution and then immediately moved to cold 2.5 percent glutaraldehyde buffered with 0.1 M Millonig's phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The materials were dissected into appropriate pieces in the fixative about 30 minutes after beginning of the fixation. Two hours later the materials were rinsed several times with the buffer and were fixed with cold, buffered 1 percent osmium tetroxide(OsO(4)) for 2 hours. The fully fixed tissue blocks were dehydrated in a series of graded concentrations of acetone and were embedded in Epon 812 mixture. Thin sections obtained from Sorvall MT-2 ultramicrotome were stained with uranyl acetate and Reynold's lead citrate. Observations of the sections were carried out with Hitachi HS-7S electron microscope. The following structures are newly identifed in a series of observations. The mid-abdominal integument of the fluke is more thicker(-6 micrometer) than the dorsal side(about 3 micrometer). Although it is so far known that only surface and epithelia of the suckers, pharynx, and the oesophagus are composed of integumental, anuclear layer, it is newly found that epithelium of the excretory pore also consists of integumental, anuclear layer. There are lot of microvilli in the dorsal outer surface of the oral sucker. A kind of ducts accumulated with unknown secretory granules are present within the parenchyrna around both of the oral suckers and the pharynx. The nerve endings are distributed to the integument of the body where sensory hairs are projected outward. The sensory hairs are rarely distributed throughout the whole integument, but a little more in the surroundings of both suckers. The sensory hairs are attached to the base of the sheath by a circular septate desmosome. No rootlet structure is observed but the upper part of the basal body is attached to the peripheral desmosome by transverse fibres. The mitochondria and the vesicles are present within the hair cavity. The nerve fibres are also found to be myelinated at least in main axons.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; electronmicroscopy ; mitochondria ; vesicle ; desmosome ; rabbit

The occurrence of Sarles' phenomenon (Cerkarien Hullen Reaktion) are proved in the excysted metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis which were incubated in the sera from rabbits given a varying number of metacercariae of C. sinensis per orally. The precipitates were formed around the oral sucker and excretory bladder of the excysted larvae. Sarles' phenomenon began to be positive from the 2nd to 3rd week after infection. In the excysted larvae of C. sinensis precipitates were not produced in the sera of rabbits infected with Metagonimus yokogawai and Capillaria hepatica. The number of eggs in the feces (E.P.G.), intradermal reaction, the course of infection and Sarles' phenomenon was studied in 6 clonorchiasis patients. Sarles' phenomenon appeared in the sera of some clonorchiasis patients. However, it assumed that this phenomenon correlated with the degree and the course of infection of clonorchiasis.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda-Clonorchis sinensis ; Sarles' phenomena ; rabbit

This retrospective study was aimed to assessing clinical, paraclinical symptoms of 340 patients between 16-45 years old, with Dengue haemorrhagic fever. Patients were divided into 2 groups with and without Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). The results showed that clinical symptoms including sudden high fever, headache, orbital pain, congested skin, petechie, and positive tourniquet test. Paraclinical symptoms included thrombocytopenia increased haematocrite, leukopenia, increased serum transaminases. This disease often occurred in October and November. DSS can occure at 4th to 7th day with symptoms vomiting, sudden subsided fever, cold clammy skin, pleural or pericardial effusion, ascites, rapid increased haematocrite, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia. Dengue haemorrhagic fever can be cured in short time with infusion of isotonic fluid and Ringer lactate fluid
Dengue ; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit ; Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ; diagnosis

Between 2000 and 2001, there were 143 cases of placenta previa (1.95%) at Institue for Protection of Mothers and Newborns. The potential causes were abortion many times, cesar section, and multi delivery... Diagnosis is accurate and early by using good pregnant management system and ultrasound. Monitoring and treatment before delivery were improved. In cases of central placenta previa, Cesar section could help decreasing the risk of haemorrhage
Placenta Previa ; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit ; Pregnant Women ; Therapeutics

The sensitivity and specificity of crude and affinity-purified antigens of Clonorchis sinensis obtained from the infected rabbits were studied. Stage-specific antigenic proteins from the eggs, metacercariae and adult worms were characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) The results were as follows: The antibody-binding antigen (ABA) purified from whole worm crude antigen (WWA) by CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography made 4 specific bands against rabbit anti-sera on Ouchterlony gel diffusion plate, while WWA made 7 bands. Major WWA protein bands by SDS-PAGE were found at 16,300-18,500 and 28,000-29,000 daltons, while major ABA protein bands were at 18,000-21,000 and 29,000-31,000 daltons. The reactivity of ABA with rabbit anti-sera in ELISA was remarkably less sensitive than that of WWA. Molecular weights of egg antigen (EGA), metacercarial antigen (MEA) and adult worm antigen (WWA) of C. sinensis ranged from 15,000-200,000 daltons, 15,000-100,000 daltons and 11,000-80,000 daltons, respectively. Major WWA proteins consisted mainly of polypeptide bands of low molecular weight, less than 31,000 daltons, while those of EGA and MEA consisted of higher molecular weights than 30,000 daltons. The ELISA reactivities of WWA to rabbit anti-sera were remarkably greater than those of MEA. EGA showed negative reaction throughout the experiments. WWA showed higher optical density (O.D.) than 1.0, when reacted with rabbit anti-sera obtained at 4-6 weeks after the infection. In the rabbit anti-sera later than 12 weeks after the infection, the O.D. reacting with WWA showed a plateau without variation. MEA showed relatively low O.D. values (<0.6), when reacted with anti-sera from lightly infected groups throughout the experiments, although there were some weak positive cases (O.D.>0.6) in heavily infected groups. MEA reacted with rabbit anti-sera showed negative results on Ouchterlony gel diffusion plates. Summarizing the above results, it is suggested that the whole worm antigen prepared from the adult worms of C. sinensis is most highly antigenic. However, this antigen might reveal cross reactions with other trematodes such as Paragonimus westermani, therefore, purification of antigenic proteins from the crude antigen is essential to increase the sensitivity and specificity for the immunodiagnosis of clonorchiasis.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; clonorchiasis ; rabbit ; immunology ; diagnosis ; antigen