Research on environmental ergonomics of train/commuter is very limited. Thus, this study was conducted with aims to determine the environmental ergonomic of public transport, whether it is in accordance to indoor air quality standard inside women coach cabin train during operations. Although the number of passengers is increasing, some claimed that the indoor air quality for the Malaysian commuter train is uncertain, especially at peak times. Unsatisfactory feedback from some respondents—especially female passengers—will affect other passengers to remain loyal to use this facility as one of the main transportation to reduce the traffic congestion that will be faced if using private vehicles. The study conducted during peak hours on the weekends and the trip took exactly two hours and covered 18 main stations. The measurement devices placed at the centre of the cabin Komuter using Air Quality Meter (AIRFLOW Instrument Model TA465). The main parameters measured were temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide (CO2). This study also counts the number of passengers riding the train. The results showed that the indoor air quality (AIQ) level of the morning hour will affect passengers’ health more compared to the evening hour (this is due to the CO2 level that has exceeded the safety standard). Morning hour gave higher reading of CO2 (43.8%) and relative humidity (17%) compared to evening hour. Evening hours also showed greater temperature at 3%. The findings can give awareness to the train company to improve the IAQ by installing a suitable ventilation system and can give comfort to the passengers when travelling using Malaysian commuter train The results showed that the indoor air quality (AIQ) level of the morning hour will affect passengers’ health more compared to the evening hour (this is due to the CO2 level that has exceeded the safety standard). Morning hour gave higher reading of CO2 (43.8%) and relative humidity (17%) compared to evening hour. Evening hours also showed greater temperature at 3%. The findings can give awareness to the train company to improve the IAQ by installing a suitable ventilation system and can give comfort to the passengers when travelling using Malaysian commuter train.
ergonomic environment ; indoor air quality ; public transport ; KTM Komuter

BACKGROUND: Approximately one half of the patients with chronic daily headaches report a regular use of analgesics, making it an important issue for public health matters. However, factors contributing to the dependency and overuse of analgesics for chronic tension type headaches have been little understood. We investigated the role of chronic analgesics exposure in the natural course and clinical phenotype of headaches in patients with chronic tension type headaches. We also evaluated genetically determined innate factor that could exert a profound influence on a development of analgesics overuse using a serotonin transporter protein polymorphism and serotonergically related harm avoidance (HA) personality dimension. METHODS: We analyzed the headache characteristics using a standardized questionnaire from 38 patients with chronic tension type headache with analgesics overuse (CTTH-AO), from 40 patients with chronic tension type headache without analgesics overuse (CTTH-NO) and from 100 healthy controls. We performed the serotonin transporter protein gene linked to the polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotype, polymorphism analyses and investigated the serotonin related personality trait by evaluating the HA dimension in tri-dimensional personality questionnaires (TPQ). RESULTS: We found a significantly higher pain intensity and disability score in patients with CTTH-AO. Most of the patients with CTTH-AO used analgesics compound containing caffeine for pain relief. S/S genotype frequency was significantly higher in patients with CTTH-AO than in those with CTTH-NO and controls. TPQ questionnaires showed significantly higher HA scores in both CTTH-AO and CTTH-NO than in controls. CONCLUSIONS: This suggests a serotonergic activity might be involved in development of analgesics overuse in chronic tension type headaches, and 5-HTTLPR might be one of the genetically contributing factors.
Analgesics* ; Caffeine ; Genotype ; Headache ; Headache Disorders ; Humans ; Phenotype ; Public Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Serotonin ; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Tension-Type Headache*

The problem of carbon monoxide intoxication has been increasing since 1950s and it is still regarded as one of the most serious public health problem in Korea. If the patients survives the acute episode, elimination of carbon monoxide occurs in the rate of a halt-time of 3 to 4 hours. Nevertheless, there may remain after effect. Therefore, the present study was desinged to elucidate the change of myocardial tissue caused by acute carbon monoxide poisoning were evaluated by electrton microscopic observation of the severity of the mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome oxidase activity, which was demonstrated by histochemical staining with diaminobenzidine(DAB). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to the carbon monoxide of 1500 ppm for 150 minutes. They were divided into two groups ; one group were treated with hyperbaric oxygenation 15 minutes after carbon monoxide exposure, the other were not treated. Rats were sacrified 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 7days, 14 days, and 21 days after carbon monoxide exposure. The specimens were collected from the apex of the heart. In the group without hyperbaric oxygenation, mitochondrial swelling subsided 21 days after carbon monoxide exposure accompained by restoration of cytochrome oxidase activity. On the other hand, with hyperbaric oxygenation, healing process was shortened. Cytochrome oxidase activity was restored 7 days after carbon monoxide exposure.
Animals ; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ; Carbon Monoxide* ; Carbon* ; Cytochromes* ; Electron Transport Complex IV* ; Hand ; Heart ; Humans ; Hyperbaric Oxygenation ; Korea ; Male ; Mitochondria* ; Mitochondrial Swelling ; Myocardium* ; Public Health ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

From October 2015 to August 2018, tapeworm proglottids were obtained from 10 patients who were residents of Daegu and Gyeongbuk provinces and had a history of raw beef consumption. Most of them had no overseas travel experience. The gravid proglottids obtained from the 10 cases had 15–20 lateral uterine branches. A part of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) DNA of the 10 cases, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested with AleI restriction enzyme, produced the same band pattern of Taenia saginata, which differentiated from T. asiatica and T. solium. Sequences of ITS1 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) showed higher homology to T. saginata than to T. asiatica and T. solium. Collectively, these 10 cases were identified as T. saginata human infections. As taeniasis is one of the important parasitic diseases in humans, it is necessary to maintain hygienic conditions during livestock farming to avoid public health concerns.
Agriculture ; Cestoda ; Daegu ; DNA ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Livestock ; Parasitic Diseases ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Public Health ; Red Meat ; Republic of Korea ; Taenia saginata ; Taenia ; Taeniasis