More and more new human enteroviruses (HEVs) types were identified with the broad application of the molecular serotyping methods for enteroviruses. Since enterovirus 71 (EV71) was first reported in 1969, numerous epidemic outbreaks associated with new enteroviruses have occurred all around the world, and pose a significant threat to public health . The epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by EV71 infection in China have raised great concern of global scholars. This paper reviewed research progress in recent years of the molecular typing, evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenesis attributable to new enterovirus types.
Animals ; Enterovirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Enterovirus Infections ; veterinary ; virology ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes ; Phylogeny ; Primate Diseases ; virology

Aquaporin (AQP) is a water channel protein that is of critical importance in the urinary concentrating process and the regulation of water balance in the kidney, and at least seven AQPs are expressed at distinct sites in the kidney. The common marmoset monkey is widely used as an experimental animal included in the primate order in the filed of renal system. However, nothing is known about the expression AQP in the common marmoset monkey kidney. The purpose of this study was to establish the distribution of AQP-1, AQP-2, AQP-3 and AQP-4 in the common marmoset monkey kidney. We used three male common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) ranging in age from 2 to 3 years. AQP-1 was expressed in segments 1, 2 and 3 of the proximal tubule, particularly abundant in segment 1, and also observed in the descending thin limb of the medulla. AQP-2 immunoreactivity was observed in the apical plasma membrane of principal cells in the cortical and medullary collecting ducts. AQP-3 immunostaining was intense in the basolateral plasma membrane of connecting tubules as well as in the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts. AQP-4 was expressed mainly in the cytoplasm of inner medullary collecting duct cells. These data suggest that AQPs of the common marmoset monkey kidney may play a similar role in urinary concentrating processes and the regulation of water balance to that of AQPs in rats, mice and humans.
Animals ; Aquaporins* ; Callithrix* ; Cell Membrane ; Cytoplasm ; Extremities ; Haplorhini* ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney* ; Male ; Mice ; Primates ; Rats

A coxsackievirus B strain was successfully isolated by cells culture from cardiac muscle tissues of a dead Sichuan golden monkey with myocarditis from a zoo of Changchun in China. The isolate was consistent with CVB by morphology, physicochemistry test, animal regression test and RT-PCR. Analysis of VP1 partial gene sequence and detection of mice specific serum IgG showed that the strain isolated was a coxsackievirus B3. It was the first CVB case report in Sichuan golden monkey and the strain isolated was named CVB/SGM-05.
Animals ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Enterovirus B, Human ; isolation & purification ; Haplorhini ; virology ; Heart ; virology ; Mice ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Vero Cells ; Viral Structural Proteins ; genetics

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small-bodied, popular New World monkey and is used widely in reproductive biology, neuroscience, and drug development, due to its comparative ease of handling, high reproductive efficiency, and its unique behavioral characters. In this review, we discuss the marmoset models in Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a neurological movement disorder primarily resulting from a degeneration of dopaminergic neurons with clinical features of tremor, rigidity, postural instability, and akinesia. The most common PD models involve the administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or 6-hydroxydopamine to study the pathogenesis and to evaluate novel therapies. Following the systemic or local administration of these neurotoxins, the marmosets with very severe Parkinson's symptoms are recommended to be placed in an intensive care unit with artificial feeding to increase survival rate. All procedures with MPTP should be conducted in a special room with enclosed cages under negative-pressure by trained researchers with personal protection. Behavioral tests are conducted to provide an external measure of the brain pathology. Along with several biomarkers, including alpha-synuclein and DJ-1, non-invasive neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are used to evaluate the functional changes associated with PD. With the recent growing interest in potential and novel therapies such as stem cell and gene therapy for PD in Korea, the marmoset can be considered as a suitable non-human primate model in PD research to bridge the gap between rodent studies and clinical applications.
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ; alpha-Synuclein ; Animals* ; Biomarkers ; Biology ; Brain Diseases ; Callithrix* ; Dopaminergic Neurons ; Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Korea ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Methods* ; Models, Animal ; Movement Disorders ; Neuroimaging ; Neurosciences ; Neurotoxins ; Nutritional Support ; Oxidopamine ; Parkinson Disease* ; Platyrrhini ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Primates ; Rodentia ; Stem Cells ; Survival Rate ; Tremor

No abstract available.
Haplorhini ; Humans

Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been widely used in reproductive biology, neuroscience, and drug development since a number of primate species are phylogenetically close to humans. In this review, we summarize the use of NHPs for nonclinical application in the reproductive system disorders including the loss or failure of an organ or tissue. Causes of infertility include congenital aplasia and acquired disorders of the reproductive organs. In addition, anti-cancer treatments can deplete ovarian follicles, leading to premature ovarian failure, infertility and long-term health risks. Along with a limited supply of human reproductive organs, anatomic/physiologic similarities to humans support the need for NHP models (New-World monkeys such as the common marmoset and Old-World monkeys such as cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys) to promote the advances in female infertility studies. For maintaining and executing animal studies using NHP, special protocols including animal care, anesthetic protocol, surgical technique, and immunosuppressive protocol are necessary. With a growing interest in the potential therapies such as endometrial tissue engineering, and ovary/follicle cryopreservation and grafting in Korea, this review can be useful in selecting appropriate animal models and can bridge between nonclinical studies and clinical applications by providing detailed information on the use of NHPs in the field of reproductive organ disorders.
Animals ; Biology ; Callithrix ; Cryopreservation ; Female* ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Female ; Korea ; Models, Animal ; Neurosciences ; Ovarian Follicle ; Primary Ovarian Insufficiency ; Primates* ; Tissue Engineering ; Transplantation ; Transplants

Total of 216 animals conserved in Seoul Grand Park were examined on the antibody titers of Toxoplasma by the indirect latex agglutination test, 20 out of 131 cases (15.3%) in mammals, 2 out of 75 cases (2.7%) in birds, and none in reptiles, according to species, 15 out of 68 species (22.1%) in mammals, 2 out of 36 species (5.6%) in birds showed positive antibody titers when the titers of 1:32 or higher were regarded as positive. In mammals, it appeared as positive in 2 out of 6 cases (1 out of 3 species ) in marsupials, 1 out of 15 cases (1 out of 11 species) in primates, 1 out of 1 case in bats, 6 out of 13 cases (5 out of 10 species) in carnivores, 1 in 12 cases (1 species out of 3) in odd-toed ungulates, 9 out of 80 cases (6 species out of 38) in even-toed ungulates, and none in rodents and in whales. In birds, 1 out of 21 cases (1 out of 7 species) in gallinaceous birds and 1 out of 6 (5 species ) in parrots appeared to have the positive antibody titers of Toxoplasma. And, none of reptiles showed positive. Frequencies of positive antibody titers were high in 1: 64, 9 cases in mammals followed by 1: 32, 6 cases, 1: 128, 3 cases, and 1: 256, 2 cases, respectively. Two positive cases in birds appeared to be 1: 64.
parasitology-protozoa ; Toxoplasma gondii ; epidemiology ; marsupial ; primate ; bat ; rodent ; whale ; carnivore ; ungulate

Stem cell technologies are particularly attractive in Parkinson's disease (PD) research although they occasionally need long-term treatment for anti-parkinsonian activity. Unfortunately, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) widely used as a model for PD has several limitations, including the risk of dose-dependent mortality and the difficulty of maintenance of PD symptoms during the whole experiment period. Therefore, we tested if our novel MPTP regimen protocol (2 mg/kg for 2 consecutive days and 1 mg/kg for next 3 consecutive days) can be maintained stable parkinsonism without mortality for long-term stem cell therapy. For this, we used small-bodied common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) among several nonhuman primates showing high anatomical, functional, and behavioral similarities to humans. Along with no mortality, the behavioral changes involved in PD symptoms were maintained for 32 weeks. Also, the loss of jumping ability of the MPTP-treated marmosets in the Tower test was not recovered by 32 weeks. Positron emission tomography (PET) analysis revealed that remarkable decreases of bindings of ¹⁸F-FP-CIT were observed at the striatum of the brains of the marmosets received MPTP during the full period of the experiment for 32 weeks. In the substantia nigra of the marmosets, the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity was also observed at 32 weeks following the MPTP treatment. In conclusion, our low-dose MPTP regimen protocol was found to be stable parkinsonism without mortality as evidenced by behavior, PET, and TH immunohistochemistry. This result will be useful for evaluation of possible long-term stem cell therapy for anti-parkinsonian activity.
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine* ; Brain ; Callithrix* ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Models, Animal ; Mortality ; Parkinson Disease* ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Primates ; Stem Cells* ; Substantia Nigra ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Background: Group A Rotavirus is the main cause of diarrhea in human especially in children under 5 years old. Rotavirus master seeds were established from group A Rotavirus (mainly 3 strains: G1P8, G1P4 and G4P6) causing acute diarrhea for children in Vietnam. The master seeds must meet the potency and safety in the laboratory as well as animal experiments under the guidance of WHO. Objectives: To determine the safety and immune response of rotavirus master seeds in monkeys to confirm their safety and effect in preclinical stage. Subjects and method: Baby Macacca mulatta monkeys had average weight of 1.5 kg (provided by monkey ranch in Reu island in Quang Ninh province) were tested and determined neutral antibody by immunofluorescence technique. Results: The rotavirus master seeds: G1P8 (KH0118); G1P4 (2001019210) and G4P6 (2001019203) had good safety and immune response with high neutral antibody after 3 dose vaccination in baby Macacca mulatta monkeys. Conclusion: The rotavirus master seeds would be a base for diarrhea vaccine production in Viet Nam under the guidance of the World Health Organization.
Rotavirus/ immunology ; Haplorhini

Trypsinization method in our modification was harvested high yields of dissociated cells. The total of cells is obtained 19.47 X 108 per pair of monkey kidney weighted 10 gram. Whereas rate of available cell reach 83.9% and rate of single cell and small group (<5 cells) collected was about 90%.
Trypsin ; Haplorhini ; Kidney ; Cells