Background: The lip trill is a semi-occluded vocal tract exercise found to have positive outcomes on vocal parameters of healthy individuals after a single session. However, the effect of several lip trill sessions has not been studied. Objective: This study investigated the effect of a 3- to 4-week lip trill exercise program on Maximum Phonation Time (MPT), Maximum Phonation Frequency Range (MPFR), Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio (HNR), and mean Speaking Fundamental Frequency (mean SFF). Methods: Three vocally untrained healthy females with perceptually normal voices participated in a multiple-baseline, single-case experimental research. Five to seven direct training sessions were randomly assigned. Self-implementation was encouraged thereafter. Participants were assessed on all outcome measures for 15 sessions. Data were visualized and inspected. Cohen’s d was also derived using Standardized Mean Difference for single-subject research. Results: Visual and statistical analyses revealed a decreased MPT when training was introduced, increased MPFR variability during the training phase, and increased stability in mean SFF post-training. Perceived effects include vocal freedom, decreased laryngeal stress, and vocal conditioning. Vocal outcomes in one participant yielded a significant effect on MPFR and mean SFF and a small effect on HNR. Conclusion There is evidence of lip trill effect on pitch control and vocal conditioning. Findings also revealed that motivation, exercise frequency, and adherence could contribute to positive gains in vocally healthy speakers. Further investigation in consideration of the study findings and limitations is warranted.
prevention

No abstract available.
Primary Prevention*

Atrial Fibrillation ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Primary Prevention

No abstract available.
Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Primary Prevention*

No abstract available.
Coronary Disease* ; Secondary Prevention*

Humans ; Pneumoconiosis ; prevention & control

Humans ; Silicosis ; prevention & control

This paper introduced the frequent cancers in Vietnam, the situation of the cancer prevention and control in Hanoi, especially the activities of the department of tumor of Hai Ba Trung hospital during past 10 years (1988-1999), concurrently establish the orientation, objectives of cancer prevention and control program in Hanoi from now to 2000.
neoplasms ; prevention & control

From 1994 up to now, active measures in the prevention of cholera have been implementing in Thua Thien Hue province, by the proper investment for safe water supplying, waste treatment, sewage treatment, sanitary-food safety examination and control of chloride content in safe water system, close supervise and soon discovery of patients with cholera, quick and strict responding to the epidemic so that limiting and decreasing significantly the mortality.
Cholera ; prevention & control

Some algorithms used in UV-Vis MCA spectrophotometry technique and some recent statistical approaches to the Advanced MCA technique were described. A number of pharmaceutical formulas containing 2-4 ingredients has been analyzed successfully using MCA technique. Basing on the basic algorithm of MCA and its statistical approaches, an applicable software for data processing had been established (running in Windows (environment - IBM compatible computer). This enables to use MCA technique for conventional spectrophotometers.
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; prevention & control