Background: The lip trill is a semi-occluded vocal tract exercise found to have positive outcomes on vocal parameters of healthy individuals after a single session. However, the effect of several lip trill sessions has not been studied. Objective: This study investigated the effect of a 3- to 4-week lip trill exercise program on Maximum Phonation Time (MPT), Maximum Phonation Frequency Range (MPFR), Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio (HNR), and mean Speaking Fundamental Frequency (mean SFF). Methods: Three vocally untrained healthy females with perceptually normal voices participated in a multiple-baseline, single-case experimental research. Five to seven direct training sessions were randomly assigned. Self-implementation was encouraged thereafter. Participants were assessed on all outcome measures for 15 sessions. Data were visualized and inspected. Cohen’s d was also derived using Standardized Mean Difference for single-subject research. Results: Visual and statistical analyses revealed a decreased MPT when training was introduced, increased MPFR variability during the training phase, and increased stability in mean SFF post-training. Perceived effects include vocal freedom, decreased laryngeal stress, and vocal conditioning. Vocal outcomes in one participant yielded a significant effect on MPFR and mean SFF and a small effect on HNR. Conclusion There is evidence of lip trill effect on pitch control and vocal conditioning. Findings also revealed that motivation, exercise frequency, and adherence could contribute to positive gains in vocally healthy speakers. Further investigation in consideration of the study findings and limitations is warranted.
prevention

No abstract available.
Primary Prevention*

This paper proposes a conceptual model for establishing a new approach to improvise anti-smoking strategies. The Tobacco Control programme under the World Health Organization (WHO) has established MPOWER measures to be applied globally. Although numerous approaches have been implemented, there is a knowledge gap pertaining to the positive impact of these strategies. Therefore, analyzing current approaches and establishing new strategies will be beneficial for the tobacco control movement. The proposed model has been adapted from the Medical Research Council (MRC), United Kingdom framework for complex interventions which can be used as reference for researchers to develop a new initiative or strategy for tobacco control. This proposed model incorporates three phases, which are (i) Phase 1: To identify factors influencing stop smoking desires and their successfulness among “specific location” population, (ii) Phase 2: To analyse available smoking cessation strategies globally using systematic review, and (iii) Phase 3: To develop new potential tools/products/guidelines for anti-smoking promotions based on Phase 1 and 2. The novelty of this concept in developing anti-smoking strategies is the incorporation of local needs in Phase 1. This research may contribute significantly to stop or quit smoking behavior among Malaysians. At the end of this study, researchers will be able to recommend new and/or adapted tools/products/guidelines based on the framework discussed. Also, government regulations regarding cigarettes should be properly reviewed in order to achieve more significant results whilst minimizing expenses for anti-smoking campaigns.
Smoking Prevention

Atrial Fibrillation ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Primary Prevention

Humans ; Silicosis ; prevention & control

No abstract available.
Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Primary Prevention*

No abstract available.
Coronary Disease* ; Secondary Prevention*

Data research from 1997-2004, restrospective and cross-sectional studies were conducted every 6 months from 4/2002-4/2004 to collect data on malaria patients and the rate of malaria parasite and follow up the sectoral development of Anopheles and An. minimus at areas where interruption of vector prevention at different times: 1, 2 or 3 years showed that indicators like malaria patients, malaria patients/1000 residents and the density of malaria parasite were decreasing and stable. An.minimus recovers and increase with time. The density at 2-3 years after spraying was higher than the density at the point of spraying. An.minimus presented at all sites of the study but the density in striking people was low. If the supervision, management and treatment of malaria patients are well, the malaria situation could be kept stable even vector control methods were not used often
Malaria ; Prevention & control

This paper introduced the frequent cancers in Vietnam, the situation of the cancer prevention and control in Hanoi, especially the activities of the department of tumor of Hai Ba Trung hospital during past 10 years (1988-1999), concurrently establish the orientation, objectives of cancer prevention and control program in Hanoi from now to 2000.
neoplasms ; prevention & control

From 1994 up to now, active measures in the prevention of cholera have been implementing in Thua Thien Hue province, by the proper investment for safe water supplying, waste treatment, sewage treatment, sanitary-food safety examination and control of chloride content in safe water system, close supervise and soon discovery of patients with cholera, quick and strict responding to the epidemic so that limiting and decreasing significantly the mortality.
Cholera ; prevention & control