The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of distribution of mating type (MAT) genes of Tuber indicum in ectomycorhizosphere soils from natural T. indicum-producing areas and cultivated truffle orchards and ascocarp samples from different regions. Quantitative real-time PCR and multiplex PCR were used to weight the copy numbers of MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 in natural truffle soils and cultivated orchard soils. The effect of limestone on the pattern of truffle MAT genes and the correlation between soil properties and the proportion of MAT genes were also assessed. These results indicated that an uneven and nonrandom distribution of MAT genes was common in truffle-producing areas, cultivated truffle orchards, and ascocarps gleba. The competition between the two mating type genes and the expansion of unbalanced distribution was found to be closely related to truffle fructification. Limestone treatments failed to alter the proportion of the two mating type genes in the soil. The content of available phosphorus in soil was significantly correlated with the value of MAT1-1-1/MAT1-2-1 in cultivated and natural ectomycorhizosphere soils. The application of real-time quantitative PCR can provide reference for monitoring the dynamic changes of mating type genes in soil. This study investigates the distributional pattern of T. indicum MAT genes in the ectomycorhizosphere soil and ascocarp gleba from different regions, which may provide a foundation for the cultivation of T. indicum.
Calcium Carbonate ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Phosphorus ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Soil

OBJECTIVETo develop an one-tube multiplex RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of six human coronaviruses (HCoVs).

METHODSGenbank sequences of six human coronaviruses, including HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, SARS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, MERS-CoV, and HCoV-HKU1, were included as reference sequences. Primers were designed based on multiple alignment of reference sequences, targeting the conserved regions of each species of HcoV. Virus strains and nucleic acid preserved in our lab were used as template in developing this automatic-electrophoresis-based one-tube multiplex RT-PCR assay. Detection limits and reproducibility were also evaluated with these templates. Samples with infection of other respiratory viruses preserved in our lab were used to evaluate specificity of this assay. Finally, we tested this assay with 140 clinical samples that were validated by real-time PCR in parallel.

RESULTSThis automatic-electrophoresis-based multiplex RT-PCR assay was able to detect six human coronaviruses simultaneously. All positive samples in this study were detected with at least one specific fragment of anticipated length (195, 304, 332, 378, 415, 442 bp) . No fragment was detected in negative controls. Detection limits of 1.0×10(1-1.0)×10(2) copies/µl were achieved in tests of single virus. No cross reaction was observed with other respiratory viruses. This multiplex RT-PCR assay showed the same sensitivity and specificity to that of individual real-time RT-PCR validated with clinical samples. Both methods detected 28 positive samples (20%) .

CONCLUSIONSSix HCoVs can be detected in one tube by this novel multiplex RT-PCR assay with high sensitivity and specificity.

Freshly collected seeds of Amomum tsaoko demonstrate obvious dormancy. Therefore, the selection of stable reference genes during seed dormancy release is very important for the subsequent functional research of related genes. In this study, ten commonly used reference genes(GAPDH, 40S, actin, tubulin, EIF4A-9, EIF2α, UBC, UBCE2, 60S, and UBQ) were selected as candidates for quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) of the embryo samples of A. tsaoko at different dormancy release stages. Three kinds of software(BestKeeper, geNorm, and Normfinder) and the Delta CT method were used to evaluate the expression stability of the candidate reference genes, and the RefFinder online tool was employed to integrate the results and generate a comprehensive ranking. The results showed that the expression levels of the ten candidate reference genes differed greatly in different embryo samples. GAPDH and UBC had high expression levels, as manifested by the small Ct values. GeNorm identified 40S and UBCE2 as the most stable genes. NormFinder ranked EIF2α as the most stable gene and UBC as the least stable gene. UBCE2 was found to be the most stable gene and actin the least stable one by BestKeeper. Delta CT analysis suggested that the expression of 40S was most stable. UBCE2 was recommended as the most stably expressed gene by RefFinder. Thus, UBCE2 is the ideal reference gene for qRT-PCR analysis of A. tsaoko seeds at different dormancy release stages. The results may lay a foundation for analyzing the expression of related genes during seed dormancy release of A. tsaoko.
Amomum ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Seeds/genetics*

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the accuracy of rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDT) in children with an influenza-like illness and to evaluate factors associated with greater accuracy. METHODS: Pediatric patients, who visited Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital with an influenza-like illness between June 2011 and May 2016, were enrolled in this study. We tested 798 samples using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for respiratory viruses and compared the results with rapid influenza tests. RESULTS: In comparison with the results of the multiplex PCR, the positive agreement rates of RIDT for influenza A and B virus were 75.7% and 60.0%, respectively. The performance of RIDT varied according to days after fever onset. The positive agreement rates of RIDT for influenza A and B tests, performed within 4 days of fever onset, were 77.6% and 73.2%, but the rates for tests performed more than 5 days after fever onset were 66.7% and 21.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The RIDT is a quick and simple aid to diagnosis, but is less sensitive than the labeled sensitivity. Moreover, test performance varied according to days after fever onset. Test specimens for RIDT should be collected as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms (less than 4 days).
Child ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Fever ; Heart ; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine ; Humans ; Immunochromatography ; Influenza, Human* ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Orthomyxoviridae* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Seasons*

BACKGROUND: The use of the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for respiratory viruses has become popular in Korea owing to its convenience and sensitivity. However, concerns remain with regard to possible interference due to multiplexing. METHODS: We compared the analytical sensitivity and virus interference of a commercially available, multiplex PCR kit (AdvanSure Respiratory virus real-time PCR kit, LG Life Sciences, Korea) with that of singleplex PCR to detect 11 viruses including coronavirus 229E and OC43; parainfluenza virus 1 (PIV 1), parainfluenza virus 2 (PIV 2), and parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV 3); influenza virus A (INF A) and influenza virus B (INF B); respiratory syncytial virus A (RSV A) and respiratory syncytial virus B (RSV B); adenovirus; and rhinovirus A, B, and C. RESULTS: The lowest detected viral concentrations of coronavirus 229E and OC43, INF A and B, RSV A and B, adenovirus, and rhinovirus A, B, and C were the same for both, multiplex and singleplex systems. However, the lowest detected viral concentrations of PIV1, 2, and 3 differed by 1 dilution factor between the two systems. Threshold cycle (Ct) values for mixed viruses within the same well were not significantly influenced by each other, where the difference between Ct values ranged from 0.24 to 1.99. CONCLUSIONS: Analytical sensitivity of multiplex PCR was comparable to that of singleplex PCR for respiratory viruses. No significant interference was observed with mixed virus samples using multiplexed PCR.
Adenoviridae ; Biological Science Disciplines ; Coronavirus ; Humans* ; Korea ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ; Rhinovirus

BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world in all age groups. Viral causes of CAP are less well characterized than bacterial causes. We analyzed the characteristics of hospitalized patients with CAP who had a viral pathogen detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODS: Multiplex real-time PCR was performed for respiratory viruses in samples collected from 520 adults who developed CAP at Chungnam National University Hospital. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological features at presentation as well as other epidemiological data were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 520 patients with CAP, a viral pathogen was detected in 60 (11.5%), and influenza A was the most common. The virus detection rate in patients with CAP was highest in November. Two or more pathogens were detected in 13 (21.7%) patients. Seven patients had severe disease and were administered in the intensive care unit. Most patients (49/60, 81.7%) had comorbidities. However, nine (15%) patients had no comorbidities, and their age was <60 years. The ground glass opacity pattern was the most common radiological feature. Seven (11.7%) patients died from CAP. CONCLUSION: Viral pathogens are commonly detected in patients with CAP, and a respiratory virus may be associated with the severity and outcome of pneumonia. Careful attention should be paid to the viral etiology in adult patients with CAP.
Adult ; Comorbidity ; Glass ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; Intensive Care Units ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pneumonia ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Viruses

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) lymphadenitis is the most common complication of BCG vaccination. It commonly occurs in infants aged <6 months involving ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes. We described BCG lymphadenitis in a 22-month-old boy presenting swelling of left supraclavicular lymph node that was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the multiplex PCR targeting the region of difference (RD).
Humans ; Infant ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphadenitis* ; Male ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Mycobacterium bovis* ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Vaccination*

BACKGROUND: One of main mechanisms responsible for acquired azole resistance of Candida glabrata is the increased drug efflux mediated ABS transporters, which are encoded by CgCDR1 and CgCDR2 genes. OBJECTIVES: We compared real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) with northern hybridization for quantitative analysis of CgCDR1 and CgCDR2 expression in bloodstream isolates of C. glabrata. METHODS: Nineteen blood isolates of C. glabrata were selected, including nine fluconazole susceptible (MIC < or =8 microgram/ml), nine susceptible dose-dependent (S-DD, MIC 16~32 microgram/ml), and one resistant (MIC 128 microgram/ml), isolates. The expression of CgCDR1 and CgCDR2 was quantified using real-time RT-PCR with ROTOR Gene 3000 (Corbettet research, Austria). The results were compared with northern hybridization with sequence-specific probes. RESULTS: Correlation of quantification results between real-time RT-PCR and northern hybridization yielded correlation coefficients of 0.92 for CgCDR1 and 0.82 for CgCDR2 gene. By both methods, no significant differences were observed in the levels of expression of CgCDR1 and CgCDR2 between fluconazole-susceptible isolates and S-DD isolates. In contrast, a strain with high fluconazole resistance (MIC 128 microgram/ml) revealed a greater abundance of CgCDR1 by both methods, compared to the other isolates. Conclusion: This study show that real-time PCR method for C. glabrata RNA quantification correlates well with traditional northern hybridization and can be a valuable alternative to northern hybridization for rapid quantification of CgCDR1 and CgCDR2 genes in clinical isolates of C. glabrata.
Candida ; Candida glabrata ; Chimera ; Danazol ; Fluconazole ; Gene Expression ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA ; Sprains and Strains

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium leprae, the etiological agent of leprosy, is noncultivable on axenic media, so, the viability of M. leprae for clinical or experimental applications is often unknown. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays were recently introduced as the new tools for M. leprae viability determination. OBJECTIVE: For evaluating of correlation of results of quantitative real-time PCR(16S rRNA/RLEP) & AFB stain of slit skin smear & histopathology & estimating the viability of M. leprae, the author studied the comparison of results of them METHODS: Of 46 samples from 27 patients(MB 24 cases, PB 3 cases), M. leprae 16S rRNA was used as RNA targets, and M. leprae repetitive element (RLEP) DNA was used to determine relative bacterial numbers and the viability by the quantitative real-time PCR. The ratio of 16S rRNA and RLEP as the indicator of viability was calculated. Student t test and linear Pearson correlation were done by SPSS. RESULTS: There was a correlation between between 16S rRNA/RLEP ratio and BI (r=0.369, p=0.012), and was statistically significant between 16S rRNA/RLEP ratio and histopathological positivity of AFB (p=0.011). However there was no correlation between 16S rRNA/RLEP ratio and MI. CONCLUSIONS: Although the correlation between between 16S rRNA/RLEP ratio and BI and the statistically significant between 16S rRNA/RLEP ratio and histopathological positivity of AFB, there was no correlation between 16S rRNA/RLEP ratio and MI. It needs the further evaluation the correlation about that.
DNA ; Humans ; Leprosy* ; Mycobacterium leprae ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA ; Skin*

OBJECTIVETo establish a specific TaqMan-based Real-time PCR assay for the detection of hepatitis A virus in serum samples.

METHODSAccording to the references, primers-probe sets which were located in 5'-NCR, the most conservative part of HAV genome were designed and therefore we established a TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay with great performance of specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility. And then it was used in the detection of HAV RNA in serum from HAV patients.

RESULTSThe HAV Real-time RT-PCR assay established in this study were able to detect HAV RNA and its detection limit ranged from 0.1CCID50/reaction to 0.01CCID50/reaction. When the detection of a same sample was repeated for three times, coefficients of varistion (CV) of intra- and inter-assay were calculated and they were all less than 2.0% and 2.6% respectively. Our data suggested that there were 5.18 x 10(2) - 4.93 x 10(7) RNA copies in 1 ml of the serum from acute HAV patients.

CONCLUSIONThe TaqMan-based Real-time PCR assay established in this study was specific and precise for the rapid detection of HAV RNA. It was applied successfully in the pathogen detection of clinical samples.