No abstract available.
Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Phagocytosis*

Hemocytes play an important role in the immune defense system of animals, especially for invertebrates that have no adaptive immune system. In those animals, hemocytes not only participate in the cellular immunity including phagocytosis, encapsulation, and nodules formation, but also the humoral immunity via storage and release of immune factors. Identification of the components of hemocytes is the basis for understanding the immune mechanism and the function of hemocytes. Despite various researches have been done on distinguishing the composition and function of shrimp hemocytes, no standard is used uniformly until now. So, we analyze and summarize the results on shrimp hemocytes research and offer a three subgroups category in this review. We also introduce the morphological characters and immune function of three subgroups in detail. We hope this work will be beneficial for understanding the function and molecular mechanism of hemocytes in invertebrate, bringing ideas for new separation technology development.
Animals ; Hemocytes ; Phagocytosis

No abstract available.
Humans ; Neutrophils* ; Phagocytosis* ; Stomach Neoplasms*

No abstract available.
Antifungal Agents* ; Chemotaxis* ; Humans* ; Neutrophils* ; Phagocytosis*

No abstract available.
Ascorbic Acid* ; Lymphocytes* ; Macrophages, Peritoneal* ; Phagocytosis*

Microglia are the resident innate immune cells in the brain. Under endogenous or exogenous stimulates, they become activated and play an important role in the neurodegenerative diseases. Microglial phagocytosis is a process of receptor-mediated engulfment and degradation of apoptotic cells. In addition, microglia can phagocyte brain-specific cargo, such as myelin debris and abnormal protein aggregation. However, recent studies have shown that microglia can also phagocyte stressed-but-viable neurons, causing loss of neurons in the brain. Thus, whether microglial phagocytosis is beneficial or not in neurodegenerative disease remains controversial. This article reviews microglial phagocytosis related mechanisms and its potential roles in neurodegenerative diseases, with an attempt to provide new insights in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Humans ; Microglia ; cytology ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; physiopathology ; Phagocytosis

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocyte (PMN) is an important member of the human immune cells. Recentyears, the recognition of the PMN function and the relationship between PMN and periodontitis have been updated. Besidesthe pathogens killing and phagocytosis, PMN also play an important role in immunoregulation and proresolving. The maintaining of PMN homeostasis is an intricate process and the precondition of defense function, which involves activation, adhesion, recruitment, apoptosis and efferocytosis. The regulatory mechanism of PMN homeostasis called neutrophil rheostat, it works through several cytokines and cells. Any factors that break the homeostasis will result in the damage of host immunity,and may relate to the occurrence of periodontitis. Moreover, PMN dysfunction, because of host factors or microorganism factors, is closely related to periodontitis, especially those associated with systemic diseases and gene defect.
Cytokines ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Neutrophils ; Periodontitis ; Phagocytosis

Some patients diagnosed as immune thrombocytopenia(ITP) have poor response to common first-line therapy such as corticosteroid and immunoglobulin. Studies in recent years have found a FC-independent platelet clearance pathway exists, which is characterized by desialylation of platelet surface glycoprotein(GP), recognition and phagocytosis by Ashwell-Morell receptor(AMR) on hepatocytes, independent on Fc receptors of the reticuloendothelial system. The up-regulation of neuraminidase-1(Neu1) expression on platelet caused by various factors, such as cold storage of platelet, septicemia and ITP could desialylate GPs. It has been found that ITP with positive anti-GPIbα antibody mostly has a poor response to first-line therapy and indicated that such antibody may lead to FC-independent platelet clearance. It also has been proved that anti-GPIbα antibody could desialylate GPs on platelet in animal experiments. Researchers have tris to use sialidase inhibitor agent to treat ITP and got a persistent response of platelet. Here, the desialylation of platelet and its role in ITP pathogensis and therapy are reviewed.
Animals ; Antibodies ; Blood Platelets ; Humans ; Phagocytosis ; Thrombocytopenia

Humans ; Myelin Sheath ; Astrocytes ; Phagocytosis ; Macrophages ; Ischemia

Remodeling of the mitochondrial network is an important process in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and is closely related to mitochondrial function. Interactions between the biogenesis of new mitochondria and the clearance of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) is an important manifestation of mitochondrial network remodeling. Mitochondrial fission and fusion act as a bridge between biogenesis and mitophagy. In recent years, the importance of these processes has been described in a variety of tissues and cell types and under a variety of conditions. For example, robust remodeling of the mitochondrial network has been reported during the polarization and effector function of macrophages. Previous studies have also revealed the important role of mitochondrial morphological structure and metabolic changes in regulating the function of macrophages. Therefore, the processes that regulate remodeling of the mitochondrial network also play a crucial role in the immune response of macrophages. In this paper, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial regeneration, fission, fusion, and mitophagy in the process of mitochondrial network remodeling, and integrate these mechanisms to investigate their biological roles in macrophage polarization, inflammasome activation, and efferocytosis.
Mitochondria ; Mitophagy ; Homeostasis/physiology* ; Phagocytosis ; Macrophages/metabolism*