Humans ; Kidney Calculi ; therapy ; Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of super-selective renal artery embolization in treatment of post-percutaneous nephrolithotomy bleeding, and to analyse the causes of failure embolization. METHODS: In the study, 65 post-percutaneous nephrolithotomy patients with severe renal bleeding and hemodynamic instability were treated by super-selective renal artery embolization. First of all, we performed selective renal arteriography. After clarifying the location of the bleeding, superselective intubation of the injured vessel with a microcatheter was carried out. Then the injured vessel was embolized with Tornado micro-coil. When complete embolization was not achieved with micro-coil, a small amount of gelatin sponge particles were added. If there was no positive finding of the beginning selective renal arteriography, the following measures could be taken to prevent missing lesions: (1) Abdominal aorta angiography was performed to determine whether there were anatomical variations, such as accessory renal arteries or multiple renal arteries; (2) Ultra-selective intubation angiography next to the nephrostomy tube path was performed; (3) Renal arteriography was repeated; (4) Renal arteriography after removing the nephrostomy tube while retaining the puncture channel. We evaluated the different angiographic findings and analysed the causes of embolization failure. RESULTS: Bleeding was successfully controled in 60 patients (62 kidneys) whose renal arteriography was postive. Positive findings included: pseudoaneurysm formation, patchy contrast extravasation, pseudoaneurysm combined with arteriovenous fistula, contrast agent entering the collection system, extravascular perinephric leakage of contrast. After first embolization, bleeding was controled in 53 patients (55 kidneys). The success rate after the first and second embolization was 88.7% and 96.7% respectively. The second session was required because of failure to demonstrate bleeding arteries during the first session (4 patients, 57.1%) and recurrent hemorrhage of the embolized injured arteries (2 patients, 28.6%). In 5 patients with no positive findings, after conservative treatment, hematuria disappeared. All the patients were followed up for 3, 6, and 12 months after embolization, and no hematuria occurred again, and no sustained and serious renal insufficiency. CONCLUSION Super-selective renal artery embolization is an effective treatment for post percutaneous nephrolithotomy bleeding. The main cause of failure is omitting of injured arteries during renal arteriography. Renal artery branch injury has various manifestations. Attention should paid to the anatomical variation of the renal artery, and patient and meticulous superselective intubation angiography is the key to avoiding missing the lesion and improving the success rate of embolization.
Embolization, Therapeutic ; Hemorrhage/etiology* ; Humans ; Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous/adverse effects* ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; Renal Artery ; Retrospective Studies

Humans ; Kidney Calculi/surgery* ; Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; Obesity, Morbid/surgery* ; Radiography ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: To compare the short-term effects and long-term outcomes of incisional procedure and dilatation procedure to manage diverticular neck in percutaneous nephrolithotomy for diverticular stones. METHODS: Clinical data of 61 patients with diverticular stones who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy from June 2009 to January 2019 were retrospectively collected and analyzed, which was as follous: (1) basic information: age, gender, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classifications and preoperative symptoms.(2)stone characteristic and procedure-related data: location and size of stone, skinned renal access length and procedure time.(3)perioperative clinical data: hemoglobin drop, Clavien's classification and stone-free rate. Long-term follow-ups were performed for more than 5 years after the patients were discharged. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and were divided into the dilation group (n=37) and the incision group (n=16) by the treatment methods of diverticular neck. There were 24 male patients (45.3%) and 29 female patients (54.7%), with a mean age of 39.96±12.88 years. Stones were mainly located in the upper pole (n=32, 60.38%) and posterior area (n=41, 77.4%), with a predominance of single stone (n=36, 67.9%). There was no statistically significant difference in demographic data and stone characteristics between the two groups except for age and stone burden. Forty-five patients (84.9%) reached stone-free status after surgeries, and 44 patients (83.0%) postoperative symptoms improved. Twelve patients were lost to the follow-ups, and 41 cases were followed up for an average of 77 months. One recurrence occurred 1 year after surgery. Fifteen patients underwent operations within the past 5 years and the overall 5-year recurrence rate for the remaining 26 patients was 34.6%. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of perioperative complications, postoperative stone-free rate and recurrence rate between the two groups, and the recurrence rate was significantly higher 5 years postoperatively than 1 year postoperatively. The proportion of the patients who remained lithotripsy-free and residual stone status decreased significantly. CONCLUSION Both incisional and dilatation procedures in percutaneous nephrolithotomy to manage diverticular neck could bring the satisfactory postoperative stone free rate. The recurrence rate was about 30% to 40% 5 years after surgery.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi/surgery* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

Recently, the global endourology scene has witnessed a resurgence of interest in supine PCNL (sPCNL). The number of urologists who are attracted to this “simplified method” of PCNL is growing and its promoters are suggesting to abandon the standard prone approach. Debates on the two positions have become commonplace in endourology scientific meetings. The advocates consistently emphasize that when compared to the prone position, sPCNL has multiple advantages for the surgeon, the anesthesia team and the patient. In spite of these, it is evident that many still favor prone PCNL (pPCNL) because of its time-tested proven efficacy and safety. In fact, up to this present day, majority of PCNLs are still done in the prone position. This review article intends to analyze the “current state of affairs” of the two PCNL positions, describing their advantages and disadvantages. Presently, applying the principles of “what is safe and efficacious in one’s hands” dictates the choice of which technique is utilized to treat a patient. Conversely, it is more clinically sound if this choice was made instead, in consideration of, the interplay of the following factors such as the patient’s clinical demographics, the anatomical features of the renal collecting system, the stone burden and characteristics and ultimately, the physician’s training, skills and experience.
Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous

: The current standard in the management of large burden renal stones is conventional percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-PCNL) is a procedure developed to decrease complications of standard PCNL by decreasing the size of access. Recent studies have shown high stone free rates with minimal complications in utilizing mini-PCNL in larger stones. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the safety and efficacy of mini-PCNL for stones with sizes 2 cm and above versus standard PCNL. METHODS: This is a meta-analysis comparing mini-PCNL and standard PCNL in the management of renal stones 2 cm and above. A PUBMED search was done to acquire randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective and retrospective studies of mini-PCNL and standard PCNL assessing large burden renal stones, defined as 2 cm and above. Two authors independently assessed the studies for selection. Comparison of mini-PCNL and standard PCNL was done according to following parameters: stone-free rate, operative time, postoperative decrease in hemoglobin levels, length of hospital stay, rate of transfusion, occurrence of fever, postoperative pain scores, and occurrence of urine leakage. RESULTS: Results of this meta-analysis showed that standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy has an advantage over mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy only in terms of having a shorter operative time for larger stones (MD: 8.44 min, 95% CI 6.36 – 10.52 min, p < 0.00001). No difference was found in the outcomes of postoperative pain scores (MD 0.19 VAS score, %CI 0.16 – 0.54, p = 0.29), occurrence of postoperative fever (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.18 – 0.61, p = 0.06) and the stone-free rate (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.67 – 1.41, p = 0.88). Mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy has advantage over standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy for large-burden stones in terms of shorter length of postoperative hospital stay (MD 1.44 day, 95% CI 1.22-1.66, P <0.00001), lower hemoglobin drop (MD 0.48 mg/dl, 95% CI 0.39–0.66, p < 0.00001), lower rate of transfusion (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.20 – 0.99, p = 0.01), urine leakage (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.03 – 0.39, p = 0.0008) and an overall lower occurrence of complications (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.28 – 0.62, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a safe and effective intervention in large-burden stones 2 cm in size and above.
Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous

Introduction and Objective: Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the standard of care for renal stones >2cm. Kidneys with anatomical disparities resulting from fusion (horseshoe), malrotation, ectopic location (allografts) and bifid collecting systems present as a challenge because variations in vasculature, calyceal rotation and intervening viscera may make percutaneous access treacherous. Reported here is the authors’ experience with PCNL in these types of kidneys. Methods: A chart review was done on all patients who underwent PCNL at the National Kidney and Transplant Institute (NKTI) from 2012-2016. Those with anatomical variations were identified and analyzed. Patient demographics (age, gender, co-morbidity) and stone characteristics (Guy’s stone score, laterality) were summarized. Intraoperative parameters such as location of puncture site (upper, mid, inferior calyces), number of tracts (single vs. multiple), operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), and length of hospital stay (LOS) were analyzed. The primary endpoints were stone-free and complication rates according to the Clavien-Dindo (CD) classification. Results: A total of 1,657 PCNLs were performed during the study period, of which 42 had anatomical variants. The mean age was 45.2±8.8 (R= 28-65) with a male to female ratio of 3:1. There were 18 horseshoe (42.9%), 15 bifid (35.7%), 7 malrotated (16.7%) and 2 renal allografts (4.8%.); Laterality- wise, 28 (67%) were left-sided, 12 (29%) were right-sided and 2 (5%) had right-sided pelvic kidneys (allografts). The Guy stone scores were 3 and 4 in 13 (30%) and 29 (70%) patients, respectively. The mean stone diameter was 3.8±0.6 cms. (R=2.5-5.5). Majority, n=37 (88%) were treated with an upper pole access. Thirty-six (86%) needed a single tract and while six (14%) required multiple tracts (bifid pelvis). The mean operative time was 111.5±28.1 mins. (R=65-188), EBL was 461±278.4 cc (R=200-1300). LOS was 3.6±0.94 days (R=2-7). The stone-free rate was 95%. Twenty-five (59.5%) complications were documented. Fifteen (35.7%) had fever: Grade I CD, and 10 (23.8%) required transfusion: Grade II CD. There was no mortality. Conclusion PCNL still persists as the treatment of choice for nephrolithiasis in kidneys with variations in anatomy or position. A high stone clearance rate can be achieved while minimizing complications.
Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the efficacy and safety of simultaneous bilateral endoscopic surgery (SBES) for bilateral upper urinary tract calculi, and to summarize the initial experience. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with bilateral upper urinary tract calculi who underwent SBES in the Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital from January 2019 to January 2020 were enrolled retrospectively. The demographic and clinical data of the patients were recorded, and the operation status, stone free rate (SFR) and peri-operative complications were analyzed. The primary end point was SFR, and second end point was peri-operative complications. RESULTS: A total of 23 patients underwent SBES, of which SBES was completed in 19 patients (12 males, and 7 females). The mean age was (41.3±12.0) years. Fourteen patients underwent modified supine position surgery and 4 patients in prone split-leg position. There was no statistical difference in the demographic and baseline clinical data of the patients in different positions. One patient underwent right percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and left endoscopic combined intra-renal surgery (ECIRS) in the prone split-leg position, while 18 patients received simul-taneous surgery with PCNL and contralateral retrograde intra-renal surgery (RIRS). The mean anesthesia and operation time was (128.7±26.5) min and (70.7±20.3) min, respectively, which was significantly longer in the patients with prone split-leg position than in the patients with modified supine position, anesthesia time in the patients with prone split-leg position and modified supine position: (148.4±20.4) min vs. (121.6±25.3) min, respectively, t=－2.121, P=0.049, while the operation time in the patients with prone split-leg position and modified supine position: (86.4±21.1) min vs. (65.1±17.4) min, respectively, t=－2.222, P=0.040. There was no significant difference between the two groups in indwelling of nephrostomy [prone split-leg position and modified supine position: (2.6±0.9) d vs. (2.1±1.0) d, respectively; t=－0.880, P=0.391] and the length of hospital stay [prone split-leg position and modified supine position: (6.0±2.7) d vs. (5.2±1.8) d, respectively; t=－0.731, P=0.475]. One month after the operation, the SFR was 78.9%, and 3 patients had minor peri-operative complications (Clavien-Dindo grades Ⅰ/Ⅱ) without any serious complications (Clavien-Dindo grades Ⅲ/Ⅳ/Ⅴ). CONCLUSION The simultaneous bilateral endoscopic surgery would decrease the operation time and anesthesia exposure under the premise of ensuring the SFR, which is helpful to reduce the risk of peri-operative complications, especially to the patients who can not tolerate the second-stage or long-time operation.
Adult ; Calcinosis/surgery* ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Urologic Diseases/surgery*

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the potential perioperative risk factors that affect the development of urosepsis following percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for upper urinary tract calculi with a regression model, and to develop a nomogram for predicting the probability of postoperative urosepsis after PCNL according to the identified independent risk factors. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data from consecutive 405 cases of upper urinary tract calculi treated by one-phase PCNL between January 2013 and December 2016 in our clinical department. According to whether the patients developed urosepsis or not after the surgery, the patients were divided into two groups. Perioperative risk factors that could potentially contribute to urosepsis were compared between the two groups. By a Logistic regression model, univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were carried out for the occurrence of postoperative urosepsis, to identify the independent risk factors affecting the development of postoperative urosepsis. From this model, a nomogram was built based on regression coefficients. RESULTS: The PCNL procedures of the 405 cases were performed successfully, and there were 32 cases that developed urosepsis after the PCNL, and the incidence of urosepsis was 7.9% (32/405). A multivariate Logistic regression model was built, excluding the factors with values of P>0.05 in the univariate analysis. Multivariable Logistic regression analysis identified the following factors as independent risk factors for urosepsis after PCNL: diabetes mellitus history (OR=4.511, P=0.001), larger stone burden (OR=2.588, P=0.043), longer operation time (OR=2.353, P=0.036), increased irrigation rate (OR=5.862, P<0.001), and infectious stone composition (OR=2.677, P=0.036). The nomogram based on these results was well fitted to predict a probability, and the concordance index (C-index) was 0.834 in the nomogram model sample and 0.802 in the validation sample. CONCLUSION Diabetes mellitus history, higher stone burden, longer operation time, increased intraoperative irrigation rate, and infectious stone composition are identified as independent risk factors to affect the development of urosepsis after one-phase percutaneous nephrolithotomy for upper urinary tract calculi. A nomogram based on these perioperative clinical independent risk factors for urosepsis could be used to predict the risk of urosepsis following PCNL.
Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney Calculi ; Logistic Models ; Multivariate Analysis ; Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; Nomograms ; Operative Time ; Postoperative Period ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sepsis/epidemiology* ; Severity of Illness Index ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Calculi/therapy*

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the standard of care for the treatment of renal stones >2cm and staghorn calculi. This minimally invasive procedure however has intraoperative hemorrhage as one of its most dreaded complications. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the rate of hemorrhage and transfusion requirements among patients undergoing either PCNL or open stone surgery (OSS). METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted at the National Kidney and Transplant Institute Medical Records Department. Data were collected for the period of January 2018 to December 2019. RESULTS: One hundred forty cases were included, 102 patients in the PCNL group and 38 in the OSS. The mean age 50.84±11.89 vs. 50.50±10.09 with male to female ratio of 1.2:1 for PCNL and open surgery, respectively. The most common comorbidity was hypertension (89, 63.6%). As regards stone size, majority had >4 cm stone size (61; 43.9%). In PCNL, there was no significant change noted in the hemoglobin (14.69±13.3 vs 12.03±1.91, p= 0.099) as compared to OSS, where there was significant decline (12.77±2.64 vs. 11.06±2.52; = .000. The number of packed red cell units for transfusion was also significantly higher in OSS compared to PCNL group (.526±.861 vs. 159±.502, p .020.) CONCLUSION In the treatment of staghorn calculi, PCNL incurs less blood loss and lower transfusion requirements compared to open stone surgery.
percutaneous nephrolithotomy ; blood transfusion ; hemorrhage