The present study attempted to induce an acquired immunity against the dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum. The experiments were carried out to demonstrate and confirm whether an acquired resistance could be developed by the repeated lowgrade infections with the infective larvae of A. caninum in the abnormal host of mouse. In order to determined the distribution of hookworm larvae in the lungs and liver of mice after inoculation of infective larvae, 54 mice were inoculated with 1,000 larvae and sacrificed in batches daily up to 9 days after infection. It was found that in all cases the average total number of larvae recovered from the lungs and liver increased at 48 hours after infection, then began to decrease and reached 0 to 1 at the 9th day after inoculation. One hundred fifteen mice were immunized 2 or 4 times at 7 day intervals with 50 infective larvae, followed by challenging infection with 1,000 infective larvae and killed in batches at 48 hours after challenge. The interval between challenge and last immunization were from one to four weeks for each group. Sixty mice as the controls were given only challenging infection without previous immunization infection. Induced resistance was evaluated by the rate of recovery or the average total number of the larvae recovered from the lungs and liver in the challenged mice, compared with the controls. It was noted that the rates of recovery in the controls were twice or nearly higher than those in the previously infected mice in all instances and these remained low for the first 7 day intervals between the last immunizing infection and challenge, then gradually increased. From the above observations it is highly suggested that an acquired resistance can be produced by repeated previous infections with the larvae of A. caninum, even in low grade, in the abnormal host of mouse, and evaluated by the rate of recovery of the larvae after challenge.
parasitology-helminth-nematode-Ancylostoma caninum ; immunology ; recovery rate

The following results were obtained in the present study concerning the effectiveness of thiabendazole upon the larvae of the migrating stages. In the early observation group: The average number of larvae of the group treated with single dose and the group treated with three doses were reduced in proportion of 52.2%, 58.5 % respectively compared with control group. In the late observation group: The reduction rate in the group treated with singel dose and group treated with three doses were 59.3 % and 63.2 % respectively compared with control group. The reduction rates of larvae from liver and lungs in the early drug administration group were 72.9 % and 59.7 % respectively, and 14.9 % and 54.8 % in the delayed drug administration group. In the group of drug given before and after infection, the number of recovered larvae were reduced 42.2 % and 31.1 % respectively compared with the control group. The peak number in organs was delayed 1 to 2 days in the treated group than that of control group. The survival period of the infected mouse was prolonged by the drug administration. The pathological changes were reduced by the administration of the drug. Through above results, it was concluded that thiabendazole reduced the number of migrating larvae and delayed the normal migration of the larvae in tissues and reduced the pathological changes in the tissues.
parasitology-helminth--nematode-Ascaris lumbricoides ; chemotherapy-thiabendazole ; migration ; thiabendazole

Mice were infected by feeding the embryonated eggs of Toxocara canis and Ascaris lumbricoides. Each mouse was killed daily for a week and then at several days interval after infection and the distribution of larvae in the various tissues of mice was investigated after the macerating the tissues and digesting with artificial gastric juice. It was confirmed that the migratory behaviour of larvae of T. canis and A. lumbricoides is referred to as the somatic and tracheal type of migration in the mice respectively. Toxocara larvae were found in the carcass on the third day after infection and in the brain after the sixth day of infection. From the thirty-fifth day to the seventy-sixth day after infection, Toxocara larvae were not found in the tissues of mice except in the carcass and brain and they did not develop further than the second-stage larvae. The size of Ascaris larvae, from the embryonated eggs was 0.228-0.271 mm length by 0.010-0.013 mm width and in the third day of infection the size of larvae was 0.271-0.343 mm length by 0.017-0.020 mm width. Between the fifth and tenth day after infection, lavrae molted twice in the lungs and grew to the fouth-stage larvae; 1.357-2.0 mm by 0.034-0.071 mm. These larvae migrated to the intestinal canal after the tenth day of infection and disappeared from the mouse after the twenty-fifth day of infection. No larvae were found in the carcass and brain. The inflammatory reactions in the tissues of infected mice were also observed.
: parasitology-helminth-nematode-Toxocara cani ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; mouse ; migration ; animal

The amount of labelled glucose incorporated into glycogen is 6 times as much as that of labelled mannose by the female worms. They excreted lactate of labelled glucose-origin 3-4 times as much as that of labelled mannose-origin. The amount of labelled glucose incorprated in worm bodies is about 3 times as much as that of labelled mannose. Male worms absorbed a half amount of glucose by female worms. Paralelled with radioactivity studies mentioned above, chemical determinations of sugars, lactate, and glycogen were performed on the media prior and posterior to incubation and the worms. The results obtained from chemical determinations fairly agreed with those on lactate production and sugar consumption from radioactivity studies, but not on glycogen content of worms after incubation. Chemical determination shows no glycogen synthesis in worms incubated in mannose media while the radioactivity of labelled mannose was detected, though it is very low in activity, from glycogen of worms in the media. Coupled with previously reported findings, results from the present study show mannose to be far less significant in the carbohydrate metabolism of Angiostrongylus cantonensis as compared with glucose.
parasitology-helminth-nematode ; lactate ; glucose ; mannose ; glycogen ; biochemistry ; Angiostrongylus cantonensis

The histochemical study, especially the demonstration of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase was carried out in order to differentiate ascarides of human and pigs. The experimental material were obtained from naturally contaminated men and pigs. As the histochemical staining methods the Gomori's was applied for acid phosphatase and Takeuchi and Takami's for alkaline phosphatase. The results obtained were summerized as follows : In the pig's ascarides, alkaline phosphatase was richly found in the subcuticular tissue, lateral line, median line, strial zone and epithelial cells of the intestine, epithelial cell and basal membrane of the ovary, the same part of the uterus and also in eggs. Acid phosphatase in the pig's ascarides were distributed in the same part as alkaline phosphatase. It, however, was darker brown in the soft tissue of the lateral line, epithelium of excretory canal, median bundle, whole zone of the intestine and intestinal contents. In the human ascarides, the alkaline phosphatase was distributed in the testes and the parts where the acid phosphatase was found in the pig ascarides. The acid phosphatase in the human ascarides was demonstrated in the subcuticular tissue, soft tissue of lateral line, epithelium of excretory cells, strial zone, transparent zone, granular zone and epithelial zone of esophagus and intestine, ovary, ova in the uterus, epithelial cell and basal membrane of the uterus and in testes. In the pig's ascarides, the area of distribution of alkaline phosphatase was restricted, but that of acid phosphatase was wider. In human ascarides, the area of distribution of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase was not significantly different, but in some part showed slight difference. Above mentioned finding suggest that the distribution of phosphatase could be utilized for the differentiation of ascarides of human and pig.
parasitology-helminth-nematode-Ascaris lumbricoides ; Ascaris suum ; histochemistry ; differentiation ; alkaline phosphatase ; acid phosphatase ; animal ; human ; pig

Author studied on the incidence of intestinal parasites with fecal examination on the out patient Pusan University Hospital, between from January to December 1969. The method employed were Formalin-Ether and flotation method in 3,510 for the prevalence rate of intestinal helminthes(Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichocephalus trichiurus, Trichostrongylus orientalis). The following results were obtained: The positive rate of intestinal helminthes of total was 65.4 percent among 3,510 persons. The infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichocephalus trichiurus, Trichostrongylus orientalis were 19.3 %, 6.5 %, 55.2 % and 46.1 %. The female (66.4%) had definitely higher infection rate than male (65.0 %). The age group of 51-60 year of the male showed highest infection rate 75.4 % and the age group 31-40 year of the female showed highest infection rate 72.9 %.
parasitology-epidemiology-helminth ; nematode ; trematode ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; hookworm ; Trichocephalus trichiurus ; Trichostrongylus orientalis

A total of 100 hookworm infested patients were divided into two groups. One group of 49 received pyrantel embonate in a single oral dose of 10 mg as the base per kg body weight and the other group of 51 a single oral dose of 5.0 gm bephenium hydroxynaphthoate for a comparison of efficacy on hookworm infestation and other intestinal helminths. Forty-two(85.7%) cases of hookworm treated with pyrantel embonate were cured and there was a 99.9 per cent mean reduction in fecal egg count. Of the 51 patients who received bephenium hydroxynaphthoate complete cure occurred in 76.5 per cent and the mean reduction in fecal egg count was 91.8 per cent. These results plus the lower incidence of side effects recorded in the pyrnatel group suggest that pyrantel embonate is the more desirable trestment. Pyrantel embonate was highly effective against Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichostrongylus orientalis and both drugs were moderately effective against Trichuris trichiura. During the course of the study measurements of hematology, biochemistry and examinations of urine specimens were carried out. All values were normal throughout the study and no significant difference was observed between pyrantel embonate and bephenium hydroxynaphthoate treated subjects. Side effects were more common in the bephenium hydroxynaphthoate treated group.
parasitology-helminth-nematode ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; Trichostrongylus orientalis ; chemotherapy ; pyrantel embonate ; bephenium hydroxynaphthoate

A Study on glutamic pyruvic and oxaloacetic transaminase of different organs(e.g intestine, seminal vesicle, reticular tissue, uterus, ovary, testes) in Ascaris lumbricoides suis have been investigated. The activity of transaminase were determined on the whole homogenates and subcellular fractions separated by differential centrifugation. The activity of glutamic pyruvic and oxaloacetic were assayed by colorimetric method of Reitman-Frankel. The results were obtained as follows: About ninty percent of the glutamic pyruvic and oxaloacetic transaminase in different organs was found to be localized in the supernatant fraction with the separation of differential centrifugation. And it was found that ten percent of glutamic pyruvic and oxaloacetic transaminase exists in the mitochondrial fraction. The specific activity of glutamic oxaloacetic transnaminase in different organs was relatively higher than the glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity.
parasitology-helminth-nematode ; biochemistry ; Ascaris lumbricoides suis ; glutamic pyruvic transaminase ; oxaloacetic transaminase ; intestine ; seminal vesicle ; reticular tissue ; uterus ; ovary ; testes

A series of experiments was performed to determine the lactic dehydrogenase activity of various parasitic helminths. The enzyme activity was determined by the modified method of Wroblewshi and LaDue (1955) using tissue homogenate of 16 kinds of worm parasites. The worms were mostly collected alive from local abattoir and removed from the organ or tissues of the naturally infected animal host and some materials were also obtained from the human host. They were thoroughly washed and homogenized in chilled glass tissue grinder, and then centrifuged. The supernatants were designated as enzyme preparations, and their enzyme activity was measured by spectrophotometry at the wave length of 340 millimicron. In order to know the effects of temperature and substrate concentration on the enzyme activity, the extinction of reduced Coenzyme I(NADH) was measured at the various conditions of incubation temperature and substrate concentration. The results of this experiments were as follows: The lactic dehydrogenase activity occurred over all kinds of parasites used in this study. Most worms of nematodes and trematodes displayed their maximum activity in the range of pH 2.7-3.5, and cestodes revealed their maximum activity in the ranges of both pH 2.7-3.5 and pH 7.4. In nematodes and trematodes, the lactic dehydrogenase activity increased slowly as incubation temperature increases except in the case of Eurytrema pancreaticum, while the activity in cestodes decreased inversely. The lactic dehydrogenase activity increased in proportion to the increase of substrate concentration in most of worm parasites.
parasitology-nematode-trematoda-helminth ; lacticdehydrogenase ; nicotinamide dinucloetide ; sodium pyruvate ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; Ascaridia galli ; Dirofilaria immitis ; Fasciola hepatica ; Eurytrema pancreaticum ; Paramphistomum sp. ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Paragonimus westermani ; Taenia saginata ; Taenia solium ; Taenia pisiformis ; Dipylidium caninum ; Diphyllobothrium mansoni ; sparganum, Cysticercus cellulosae ; Cysticercus fasciolaris ; biochemistry- enzyme