The high incidence of intestinal parasites among the Korean people almost same as 40 years ago might be partly interpreted by the fact that they are all fond of raw vegetables cultivated on the farms fertilized with non-treated night soil. The cabbages, onions and radishes were collected from the five areas of Seoul vicinity and the number of parasites attached to those vegetables were investigated to compare with the results obtained 10 years ago by the same methods of sampling and examination as the present survey. The resultant findings were summarized as follows: The eggs of Ascaris, hookworm, Trichostrongylus and whipworm, rhabditoid larvae and filariform larvae of hookworms were detected from those vegetables. Additionally, a number of larvae of free living nematodes and morphologically undetermined eggs were also observed. The maximum number of parasites found from one vegetable were as follows: 16 Ascaris eggs on a cabbage, 27 hookworm eggs on an onion, 8 whipworm eggs on a cabbage, 68 filariform larvae of hookworm on an onion. The onions were highly contaminated by the number of parasites as much as 177.6 including the larvae of free living nematodes, the next being the cabbages with 25.3 and the radishes with 4.1 in average. No notable relationship was observed between the size of vegetables and the number of parasites attached to them. Ascaris eggs were found from 56 percent of all cabbages, 28 percent of the onions and 40 percent of the radishes; whipworm eggs were detected on 40 percent of radishes and the filariform larvae of hookworms were observed from 40 percent of onions examined. It may be concluded that there is no notable change in the number of parasites attached to the vegetables collected from the Seoul vicinity compared to the results investigated by the same method 10 years ago.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda-Ascaris ; hookworm ; Trichuris trichiura ; epidemiology ; vegetable

Furfurol(Furfudol), a new anthelmintics, was administered to 7 adults and 21 children (6-12 years old) in total amounts of 15.6 mg(base) for 1 to 3 days. It has proven to be effective against hookworms. The anthelmintic effect against hookworms with a single dose of 15.6 mg of furfurol was similar to that of a single dose of 2.5 gm of bephenium hydroxynaphthoate. However, when a total of 15.6 mg of the base was given to both children and adult, the side reactions were so mild that the drug can be administered for therapeutic regimens in mass treatment. Minor abdominal discomfort was the only common side effect. This is the primary advantage of furfurol as compared with bephenium hydroxynaphthoate. These results have indicated that furfurol is safe in therapeutic dosage and is an effective agent to treat patients infected with hookworms.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda-hookworm ; chemotherapy-furfurol ; bephenium hydroxynaphthoate ; furfurol

This study was undertaken to evaluate the present status of hookworm infections in Korea from October 1976 through September 1978. The stool specimens of 5,632 persons(male 3,689: female 1,943) collected from primary and middle schools, foundling asylums, and the general populations of various parts in Korea were examined The methods employed were brine floatation technique for the prevalence rate of hookworm infections, Kato's cellophane thick smear technique for the other helminthic infections, and Stoll's dilution egg counting technique for the intensity of hookworm infections. Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus infections were classified by polyethylene tube coproculture method and by the evacuated adult worms after administration of anthelmintics against the patients infected with hookworms. The following results were obtained in this study. The prevalence rate of hookworm infections in rural area was higher than in urban area in the ratio of 2.4:1. And in the age group of over 20, the prevalence rate in significantly higher than that in urban area in the ratio of 5.8:1. In the urban area, difference in the prevalence rate of hookworm infections between the age group of over 20 and that of under 19 was not observed. But in the rural area, the ratio of the prevalence rate between the age group of over 20 to that of under 19 was 8:1. The prevalence rate of hookworm infections in female was higher than that in male in all age group except the age group of under 9 and 20-29. The ratio of the prevalence rate between female to male was 1.5:1 in total population. The area which showed the mean E.P.G. of over 1,000 was not found and almost all of the patients who were infected with hookworms gave the mean E.P.G. between l-999. Necator americanus was newly found in Dangjin Gun, Boseong Gun, Habcheon Gun and Weonseong Gun. In these 4 newly found areas, Dangjin Gun and Boseong Gun showed the composition rate of 25.5 percent and 83.4 percent respectively.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; hookworm-epidemiology ; Ancylostoma duodenale ; Necator americanus

Single dose(1.0 cc) of 20 % 2, 6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol solution was injected to 82 hookworm infected cases and 79% of them became egg-negative within 2-3 weeks after the injection. Mild to severe local pain were experienced for several minutes in all cases. Two cases complained of paralysis of the arms of the same side. The tablet of the same formula was given orally to 21 cases for 1-4 days. The 2-4 day course with 360 mg/day were enough to eliminate the parasite, and showed no systemic side effects.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; hookworm ; chemotherapy ; 2, 6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol

A survey on vegetables, which consisted of lettuce (Lactuca sativa), young radish (Raphanus sapivus), and chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) collected from 6 markets in the Taegu city, was conducted for the discovery of helminth eggs and larvae, from July 1982 to June 1983. The results were compared with the data obtained from vegetables collected at the same markets by Lee (1969) and Choi and Lee (1972). Both sides of vegetable leaves were washed carefully with a hard brush, and the species of parasites and the mean number of parasites per 200 g of vegetable were determined. When vegetable were examined, 4 species of parasite eggs (ascarid, Trichostrongylus, liver fluke, and hookworms) and 2 larvae (filariform and rhabditoid larvae) were found. Of the parasite discovered, ascarid egg was found to be highest (4.2 percent), followed by hookworm egg (3.6 percent). The mean number of ascarid egg per 200 grams of vegetable was 0.6 in young radishes, and 0.3 in both lettuces and chinese cabbages. Similarly, the number of filariform larva of hookworm was 0.4 in young radishes, 0.3 in lettuces, and 0.l in chinese cabbages, and the number of rhabditoid larva was 0.2 in young radishes, 0.1 in lettuces, and 0.05 in chinese cabbages. In the results obtained by Lee (1969) and Choi and Lee (1972), the mean number of ascarid egg per 200 grams of vegetable was 7.5 in young radishes, 3.l in lettuces, and 0.5 in chinese cabbages. By contrast, in the present study it was 0.6 in young radishes and 0.3 in both lettuces and chinese cabbages. These results suggest that there has been significant reduction in the incidence of parasite egg and larva on vegetable leaves during the past 10 years.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda-trematoda ; ascarid ; Trichostrongylus ; Clonorchis sinensis ; hookworm ; filariform larva ; rhabditoid larva ; egg ; epidemiology

A total of 48 subjects harbouring Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and/or Enterobius vermicularis were treated with oxantel/pyrantel pamoate tablets (100 mg of each) in a single dose of 20 mg base per kg of body weight. In all 37 cases of A. lumbricoides and 8 cases of A. duodenale infections cured completely, and the mean recovered worm-load was 3.8 with a range of 1-21 and 5.8 with a range of 3-9 respectively. In T. trichiura infection, 32(71.1%) of 45 cases cured completely and the average egg reduction rate was 90.8 per cent. The mean recovered worm-load was 14.6 with a rnage of 1-77 worms. On the other hand, in E. vermicularis infection, 37 (84.1 %) of 44 patients were negative eggs by anal swab tests on the 10 to 11th days and 27 (61.4%) on the 20 to 21st days after treatment. The mean recovered worm-load was 17.7 with a range of 1-62. Only one patient with Trichostrongylus orientalis treated with this drug showed no eggs in his stools throughout the post-treatment examinations. Side effects were not noted in all treated cases. These findings demonstrate that a single dose of oxantel/pyrantel pamoate tablets can be considered a drug of choice for multiple infections with these nematodes.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Trichuris trichiura ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; hookworm ; Enterobius vermicularis ; chemotherapy ; oxantel/pyrantel pamoate

A survey on soil samples collected from the vegetable gardens and vinyl houses in the vicinity of Taegu was conducted for the discovery of helminth eggs and larvae from October 1981 to September 1982. The samples collected were examined utilizing the "Commonly Employed" and Kamiya's techniques. The details of comparative features of larval nematodes are taken from the handbook of parasitology by Matsubasyhi et al. (1965). The results were compared with the data obtained from soil samples collected at the same area by Lee(1976). Five kinds of helminth eggs, ascarid, hookworm, liver fluke, Trichostrongylidae, and whipworm and undetermined eggs were found. Of these, the incidence of ascarid eggs was found to be the highest, 70.5 per cent, followed by whipworm and hookworm eggs, 9.9 and 9.2 per cent, respectively. The average number of ascarid eggs per 100 grams of soil was higher in the vinyl houses, compared with the number in the vegetable gardens than in the vinyl houses. By contrast, the number of hookworm eggs was relatively high in the vegetable gardens. In the monthly incidences of helminth eggs, ascarid eggs were found every month, continuing fairly high incidences all the year round. However, hookworm eggs was found for 8 months from February and September, with low monthly incidences between 4.0 and 22.2 per cent, and Trichostrongylidae eggs were found for 6 months from April to September, with lower incidences than those of hookworm. Three kinds of larval nematodes, the filariform and rhabditoid larvae of hookworm, Trichostrongylidae, and undetermined larvae were found in the soil of farms, but the incidences of larvae were quite low. The average number of larvae per 100 grams of soil was 0.05. When the number of eggs per 100 grams of the soil in 1976 were compared with 1982, pronounced reduction of the number was encountered in all helminth eggs. However, the incidences and the average number of larvae per 100 grams of the soil were so low that it was impossible to compare the data between 1976 and 1982.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Ascarid ; hookworm ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Trichostrongylidae ; Trichuris trichiura ; epidemiology

No significant difference was noted in canine hookworm infection due to hormone influence between the control group and the gonadectomized rats which were sacrificed 17 days after gonadectomy and 7 days after the infection. However in the rats which were infected 20 days after oophorectomy a significant difference was thought to be present in this group(176 +- 12.9 larvae/rat) compared with the control group (138 +- 21.2 larvae/rat). On the other hand, in the castrated group the number of larvae (138 +- 37.1 larvae/rat) was less than that in the control group (208 +- 43.4 larvae/rat). In the estrogen-injected male and female groups, there were no difference compared to the control, but the testosterone-injected groups of males and females showed more susceptibility to infection by A. caninum than in the control group. The Capillaria hepatica infection to the castracted host showed no significant difference between the gonadectomized and the control group. (oophorectomy; 214 +- 28.0), castration; 250 +- 36.5 and control; 191 +- 58.2 and 270 +- 30.1 adults/rat). Concerning the influence of the host's sex hormone on egg production of canine hookworm, there was a significantly decreased egg production in castrated dogs(6,578 +- 664.0 egg per gram) compared to the control dogs(9,711 +- 1,322.3 egg per gram). The same results were observed in vitro test. In the host, the susceptibility to hookworm infection was reduced in castrated rats, while oophorectomy group had a little or no effect. In the favorable or unfavorable hosts, testosterone gave the tendency of increasing susceptibility of the host to infection, while estrogen did a little or no effect.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; hookworm ; estrogen ; testosterone ; rat ; dog Ancylostoma caninum ; Capillaria hepatica ; gonadectomy ; estrogen ; testosterone

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anthelmintic effects of fenbendazole against intestinal nematode; Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura, and to compare the efficacy in fenbendazole, oxantel-pyrantel pamoate and placebo by means of double blind method. Out of 114 subjects harbouring Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura, 36 cases were treated with single dose of fenbendazole, 38 cases with oxantel-pyrantel pamoate, and the remaining 40 cases had received the placebo. The results were as follows: In the group treated with fenbendazole (30-50 mg/kg), the cure rates were 83.9 percent in 31 subjects with Ascaris lumbricoides and 83.3 percent in 18 subjects with hookworm, and only 28.6 percent in 28 subjects with T. trichiura respectively. In the group treated with a single dose of oxantel-pyrantel pamoate (10 mg/mg), the cure rates were 96.7 percent in 30 subjects with A. lumbricoides, 95.2 percent in 21 subjects with hookworm, and 54.6 percent in 33 subjects with T. trichiura. Egg reduction rate was 85.7 percent in T. trichiura cases. On the other hand, the egg negative conversion rates in placebo group were 9.7, 8.3 and 33.3 percent in Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm infections respectively. The above results showed that fenbendazole was highly effective against Ascaris and hookworm. However, incomparisom with oxantel-pyrantel pamoate, fenbendazole was less effective in regards of A. lumbricoides, hookworm and T. trichiura infections.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; chemotherapy ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; hookworm ; Trichuris trichiura ; fenbendazole ; oxantel-pyrantel pamoate

In order to clarify the contamination of vegetable gardens with human intestinal helminths, the soil samples were examined for the presence of eggs and larvae during the period from September 1973 to August l974. When soil samples collected from the vegetable gardens in Taegu were examined, four species of helminth eggs (ascarid, whipworm, hookworm and liver fluke) and a number of unknown eggs were found. Ascarid was found to be highest in the rate of detection(82.5 percent), followed by whipworm. The rates of hookworm, liver fuke and Trichostrongylus species were unexpectedly low. There was no difference between detection rate of vegetable gardens and that of vinyl green houses. However, the average number of helminth eggs detected from the soil of vinyl green houses was higher than the number of vegetable gardens. In the monthly incidence of ascarid eggs, the highest rate was found in September, and the least often was observed in August. While, the peak in the average number of the egg was encountered in August. There was no distinct trend in the monthly incidence of whipworm. However, it is likely that the detection number of whipworm per 100 gm of soil examined was relatively abundant in a period from May to August, and very little from October to April of next year. When the soil of vegetable gardens was divided into superficial, intermediate and deep layers and examined for presence of ascarid egg. The average number of the eggs found of the superficial layer was more abundant than those of the intermediate and deep layers, but the rate for the former was similar with the latter. In the demonstration of larval nematodes from the soil of vegetable gardens and vinyl houses, there found the filariform and rhabditoid larvae of hookworm and the larvae of Trichostrongylus species and unknown one. The majority of the larvae detected was belonged to unknown species, followed by hookworm larvae. The least was found in the rate of Trichostrongylus species. Generally, the filariform larva of hookwom could be detected during the hot season from May to August, but no larva was found in the winter. This suggests that the soil of vegetable gardens and vinyl green houses in Taegu is contaminated with human intestinal helminths.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda-trematoda ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; Trichuris trichiura ; hookworm ; Clonorchis sinensis ; egg ; larva