This case report highlights mandibular tooth in an ectopic position in the floor of the mouth, associated with submandibular salivary gland, which was completely obliterating the Wharton duct. Very few such cases have been reported in the literatures. Since ectopic tooth may lead to pain, discomfort sensation upon mastication, and even infection (sialadenitis), its diagnosis and treatment is essential.

Delusional disorder is an illness presenting with ideas of false beliefs based on incorrect inference about external reality that persist despite the evidence to the contrary and these beliefs are not ordinarily accepted by other members of the person's culture or subculture1 • 2 • The patient is a 25-year old, male, single, former massage therapist, 1st in a brood of 3 children from a province in Visayas, Philippines, brought to the clinic due to talking incoherently with inconsistent responses. This presented after competing in Palarong Pambansa for the disabled. He participated in the blind category since he was diagnosed with Retinitis Pigmentosa. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of genetic disorders that affect the retina's ability to respond to light. This inherited disease causes a slow loss of vision, beginning with decreased night vision and loss of peripheral (side) vision, and eventually blindness3 • He won many competitions, after which started hearing voices accusing him of cheating. This persisted for months which lead him to develop incoherent responses when talked to, which prompted his relatives to bring him for psychiatric consult. This is an interesting case of patient with a psychiatric condition who also presented with a degenerative disease.
Retinitis

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to validate the Tagalog Version of DMI -18 and use it as a screening tool for detecting depression among medically ill patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in Metro Manila. METHODOLOGY: The original version of the DMI-10 was translated to Tagalog by 3 Filipino Language teachers. The translated test and the original English version were both administered to both healthy and medically ill subjects. A non -random sample of 82 subjects were included in the study. Fifty seven (69.51%) were healthy subjects and the other 25 (30.49%) were medically ill patients. They were given both the original English Version and the translated Tagalog Version. The mean scores were gathered and compared. Each item of both versions were analyzed for reliability coefficient using the Parallel Forms Method. Then a Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was computed for both sets of scores. RESULTS: Majority of the 82 subjects were female (57.31%) and the mean age was 31 years old for all. Even if the medically ill group scores were higher than the score of the normal subjects, the mean scores of the medically ill group did not meet the cut off scorevof 20 points. There was no significant difference in the mean scores of the normal and medically ill subjects from both forms of the test. CONCLUSION The DMI-18 Tagalog can be used as a screening tool for depression. It is a brief but accurate method by which to screen for depression among the medically ill Filipino patients. The study however failed to show significant clinical depression in the 25 medically ill subjects.
Depression

Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) is a plant known widely particularly in the Indo-Malayan region for its uses in various ailments as reported in literature. However, little is known for its effect on the female reproductive system. The aim of this project was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of methanolic seed extract of Momordica charantia on the estrous cycle and the histology of the ovary and uterus in Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats. A total of 20 adult cyclic female S-D rats (4-day cycles), weighing between 110‒ 140 g were used. These were divided into 4 groups (A, B, C and D) of 5 rats/ group. The dose of the extract administered was 25 mg/100g body weight and the route of administration was oral by gastric gavages with a metal canula. Groups A and B were both treated with a daily dose of the extract for 28 days (7cycles) and vaginal smear monitored within this period between 9.00‒ 10.00 am daily. Animals in Groups C and D (control) were fed distilled water and vaginal smear monitored daily throughout the duration of the experiment. The effect of withdrawal of the extract was studied in Group B which was treated with distilled water for another 28 days. The rats were sacrificed by cerebral dislocation. Groups A and C at the end of the first 28 days while Groups B and D at the end of the second 28 days. The ovaries and uterii were harvested for histological studies. Irregular changes in the phases of the estrous cycle in all the treated rats were observed. The diestrous phase was increased while the proestrous and estrous phases were decreased significantly. These effects were reversible on withdrawal of the extract. Histological sections did not show any difference between the ovarian and uterine tissues of the treated and control respectively. The extract resulted in a reversible variation in the estrous cycle pattern. Histological sections reviewed were essentially normal.

Objective: In view of the increased prevalence of chloroquine resistance and the recent WHO malaria drug policy recommendation to use a combination of therapies especially artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in Africa, we tried to assess the prescription pattern and level of knowledge in the use of antimalarial drugs including ACTs among medical practitioners in Osogbo metropolis, southwest Nigeria, an endemic area of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Method: Questionnaires were sent to every medical practitioner working in all the health facilities in the metropolis, namely, a teaching hospital, general hospital, mission hospital, comprehensive health centre and 20 privately owned health facilities. Of the total of 100 questionnaires sent out, 96 were completed and returned while the remaining 4 were not returned. The questionnaires were self-administered. Result: Sixty-seven percent of the respondents work in the teaching hospital, while the remaining 33% either work in the general hospital or in private medical practice. 82.4% prescribed chloroquine despite the widespread resistance, indicating that this remains the most prescribed antimalarial drug. 45.7% apply the dosage regimen correctly (Χ2 P<0.005); 66.7% prefer the use of chloroquine injection; 85.6% give chlorpheniramine with chloroquine because of pruritus; 14.4% give it because of its synergistic and reversal mechanism. Other commonly prescribed drugs include sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (71.1%), halofantrine (53.6%), amodiaquine and quinine (51.1%), mefloquine (20.6%), artemisinin or ACTs (18.6%) and co-trimoxazole (17.5%). Of these, the dosage regimen was applied correctly for: sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (30.9%), halofantrine (12.8%), amodiaquine (3.2%), co-trimoxazole (2.1%), ACTs, quinine and artemisinin monotherapy (1.1%). About 40% of practitioners prefer the use of combination therapy in the future. Conclusion: There is an obvious paucity of knowledge on the prescription of antimalarial drugs. The proportion of practitioners anticipating the use of combination therapy in the future indicates that with continued medical education the use of combination therapies especially ACTs will be accepted easily.

Objective: To investigate the antidiabetic properties of aqueous extract of stem bark of Afzeliaafricana (A. africana) and its beneficial effect on haematological parameters in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Methods: A total of 30 rats including 24 diabetic and 6 normal rats were used for this study. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. After being confirmed diabetic, animals were orally treated with distilled water or extracts at 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight daily for 10 days. The haematological parameters including red blood and white blood cells and their functional indices were evaluated in diabetic treated groups compared with the controls. Results: The extract significantly reduced the blood glucose levels while the best result was obtained at 200 mg/kg body weight. The feed and water intake in diabetic rats were significantly reduced while weight loss was minimized at both dosages. Similarly, the levels of red blood, white blood cells and their functional indices were significantly improved after extract administration at both doses. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of bark of A. africana possesses antihyperglycemic properties. In addition, the extract can prevent various complications of diabetes and improve some haematological parameters. Further experimental investigation is needed to exploit its relevant therapeutic effect to substantiate its ethnomedicinal usage.

Background and Objectives: Despite much medical progress, stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability. The aim of our study was to analyze the frequency of various risk factors and determine predictors of in-hospital mortality among primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PICH) patients, thus providing insight in developing therapeutic strategies to improve the outcome. Methods: A prospective study conducted at a tertiary care hospital. Results: A total of 160 patients (108 male and 52 female) were evaluated. Their ages ranged from 25 to 85 years (mean age was 58.3 ± 11.4 years). Hypertension was the commonest risk factor (74.4%), followed by diabetes mellitus (18.8%) and cigarette smoking (36.3%). The commonest location of ICH was lobar (43.8%) followed by basal ganglia / internal capsule (28.1 %) and multilobar (13.1%). The overall in-hospital mortality was 32.5 %. About one third (32.7%) of the deaths occurred within fi rst 24 hours, this rose to 38.5% within fi rst 2 days and 84.6% within one week. The signifi cant independent predictors of acute in- hospital mortality were Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) on admission, posterior fossa bleed (OR 11.01; 95% CI 3.21 to 37.81), hematoma volume >60ml (OR 4.72; 95% CI 1.34 to 16.64), mid line shift (OR 3.32; 95% CI 1.05 to 10.50) and intraventricular extension of haemorrhage (OR 5.69; 95% CI 2.24 to 14.47). Conclusion: Low GCS score, posterior fossa bleed, and large hematoma volume were main indicators of mortality following PICH in East coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

Abstract Helminth infection has been a severe health issue mostly in the developing countries, where sanitation is not well maintained. The immune mechanism during helminth infection is well understood. The Th2 response is the primary weapon from the immune system to fight against helminth infection. The level of Th2 cells and cytokines are elevated during helminth infection. However, a prolonged Th2 response can cause liver fibrosis and reduce host survival. In the process of T cells differentiation, GATA-3 has a crucial role. It defines the population of Th1 and Th2. The expression of GATA-3 can be regulated through DNA methylation in the CGI sites of the gene. Hence, GATA-3 is able to co-express Th1 and Th2 in one cell, which would give less inflammation effect. This review aims to summarize research about the impact of DNA methylation of the GATA-3 genes to balance T cells population during helminth infection.